study hard

What principle emphasizes autonomy and voluntary participation in research?

Respect for persons

Which report is the foundation of the U.S. federal policy for protecting human research participants?

Belmont Report

What is required for informed consent in a low-literacy population?

Verbal consent or thumbprints

What document is essential for studies involving sensitive topics?

Certificate of confidentiality

What does a codebook provide in research?

Guidelines for data entry and variable descriptions

What is the purpose of double-entry in data management?

To ensure accuracy by resolving discrepancies

Which method ensures data security for electronic files?

Encryption and password protection

What type of sampling ensures every individual has an equal chance of selection?

Simple random sampling

What is a common risk when using convenience sampling?

Sampling bias

What is the primary goal of stratified sampling?

Minimizing sampling error

What is the first step in designing a questionnaire?

Listing topics to cover

What type of question allows for unlimited participant responses?

Open-ended

Which of the following enhances the reliability of a questionnaire?

Employing test-retest methods

What step ensures a questionnaire captures clear and meaningful data?

Pretesting

What describes a confounder?

A variable causing spurious associations

What method is used to control confounding during data analysis?

Stratification

What is an example of a confounder in a study on smoking and lung cancer?

Age

What is the first component of a grant proposal?

Abstract

What term describes the overhead costs in a grant budget?

Indirect costs

What is the purpose of a Letter of Intent in grant applications?

To prequalify for funding

Which component is critical for grant proposals?

Timeline, Direct Cost, and Methodology

What graphical method shows the central 50% of data values?

Boxplot

What statistical method compares two group proportions?

Chi-square test

What sampling bias arises from hospital-only samples?

Berkson’s bias

Which of these variables is quantitative?

Weight

What is used to test the reliability of survey responses?

Cronbach’s alpha

What is the interquartile range (IQR)?

The middle 50% of data

What are two potential confounders in the relationship between urban living and respiratory diseases?

Air pollution levels and smoking rates

What question can be asked to ensure data on air pollution levels are collected?

What is the average air pollution level in your residential area?

What are two potential confounders in the relationship between water consumption and kidney health?

Dietary sodium intake and age

What question can be asked to ensure data on dietary sodium intake are collected?

How many servings of high-sodium foods do you consume per day?

What question can be asked to ensure data on age are collected?

What is your age in years?