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33 Terms
1
Organic Macromolecules
Large organic compounds that consist mainly of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids, and ATP.
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2
Monomer
The subunit that joins together to form polymers.
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3
Polymer
A large molecule formed by the combination of many monomers.
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4
Dehydration Reaction
A chemical reaction that removes a water molecule to form a new bond.
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5
Hydrolysis
A chemical reaction that adds a water molecule to break a bond.
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6
Carbohydrates
Organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, serving as a major energy source.
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7
Monosaccharides
Simple sugars that serve as the building blocks of carbohydrates.
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8
Disaccharides
Carbohydrates formed by the condensation of two monosaccharides.
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9
Polysaccharides
Long chains of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds.
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10
Glycogen
A storage form of glucose in animals, primarily found in the liver and muscle.
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11
Starch
A storage form of glucose in plants.
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12
Cellulose
A polysaccharide that serves as a structural component in plant cell walls.
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13
Lipids
A group of organic compounds that are hydrophobic and include fats, phospholipids, and steroids.
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14
Triglycerides
Lipids composed of a glycerol backbone and three fatty acid tails.
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15
Phospholipids
Molecules containing a phosphate group and two fatty acids, crucial for forming cell membranes.
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16
Eicosanoids
Signaling molecules derived from fatty acids that are involved in inflammatory responses.
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17
Steroids
Lipid molecules characterized by a structure of four fused carbon rings.
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18
Proteins
Large biomolecules made up of amino acids that perform a variety of functions in the body.
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19
Amino Acids
The building blocks of proteins, consisting of a central carbon atom, amino group, carboxyl group, and a variable side chain.
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20
Peptide Bond
The bond formed between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another.
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21
Primary Structure of Proteins
The linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
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22
Secondary Structure of Proteins
Folding of the polypeptide chain into structures such as alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets due to hydrogen bonds.
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23
Tertiary Structure of Proteins
The three-dimensional shape formed by the interactions of various amino acid side groups.
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24
Quaternary Structure of Proteins
The assembly of multiple polypeptide chains into a functional protein.
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25
Enzymes
Proteins that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions in the body.
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26
Substrate
The reactants in a chemical reaction that enzymes act upon.
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27
Cofactors
Non-protein molecules that assist enzymes in catalyzing reactions.
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28
Nucleotides
Building blocks of nucleic acids, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
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29
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule that stores genetic information.
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30
RNA
Ribonucleic acid, essential for translating genetic information into proteins.
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31
Vitamins
Organic compounds required in small quantities in the diet for normal physiological functions.
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32
Micronutrients
Essential vitamins and minerals required by the body in small amounts.
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Antioxidants
Molecules that prevent oxidative damage to cells by neutralizing free radicals.
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