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stimuli
sensory information
sensation
conscious awareness of the stimuli
What are stimuli detected by?
sensory receptors
general senses
temperature, pain, touch, stretch and pressure and are distributed throughout skin and organs
Special senses
gustation, olfaction, vision, equilibrium, and hearing and are housed in complex organs of the head
Transduction
conversion of stimuli into an impulse
perception
CNS assigning meaning
Chemoreceptors
detect specific molecules dissolved in fluid
thermoreceptors
detect changes in temperature
photoreceptors
detect changes in intensity, color, and position of light
mechanoreceptors
detect touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch
Baroreceptors
detect pressure changes within body structures(blood vessels) and are mechanoreceptors
Nociceptors
detect painful stimuli
phantom pain
sensation associated with a part of the body that has been removed
referred pain
impulses from certain viscera are perceived as originating not from the organ but from the skin(ie. heart attack—> feeling pain down the arm)
tactile receptors
a type of mechanoreceptor that reacts to touch, pressure and vibration that is the most numerous
Where are tactile receptors located
In the dermis and subcutaneous layer
Gustation
sense of taste
gustatory cells
detect tastants in food and is housed in specialized organs(taste buds)
Papillae
epithelial and connective tissue elevations
5 taste sensations
sweet, salt, sour, bitter, umami
Taste buds on anterior 2/3 of tongue
conduct gustatory information to CNS through facial nerve
Taste buds on posterior 1/3 of tongue
conduct gustatory information to CNS through glossopharyngeal nerve
What is taste interpreted by?
Insula
Olfaction
sense of smell
Odorants
are dissolved in mucus of nasal cavity and detected. More sensitive in animals.
Olfactory epithelium
lines superior nasal cavity
Olfactory nerves
bundle of axons of olfactory receptor cells
What enters olfactory bulbs
axons from neurons foramina of cribriform plate
What do olfactory bulbs project?
axon bundles called olfactory tracts to the temporal lobe
conjunctiva
lining of eyelids over the anterior surface of eye, does not cover cornea
what is lacrimal fluid
tears
where is the anterior cavity of the eye and what does it contain?
it is in front of the lens and contains circulating aqueous humor
where is the posterior cavity of the eye and what does it contain
it is behind the lens and contains vitreous humor
what are the three eye wall layers
fibrous tunic, vascular tunic and retina
vitreous humor
gelatenous, helps maintain shape
glaucoma
pressure buildup within an eye because of high amounts of aqueous humor
cornea
clear anterior portion of the eye, continuous with sclera
sclera
white part of eye
vascular tunic
deep(brownish)
choroid
vast network of capillaries supplying nutrients and oxygen to the retina (region with blood vessels)
cilliary body
changes lens shape, anterior expansion with ligaments attached to the lens
iris
pigmented part of anterior eye; defines pupil
pupil
controls amount of light entering eye
circular sphincter pupillae
immediately around, makes pupil smaller when there is a bright light
radial dilator pupillae
makes pupil larger when theres less light
retina
internal layer of eye
neural layer
houses photoreceptors and associated neurons. It receives light; converts energy into nerve impulses
Bipolar cells
synapse with photoreceptor and ganglion cells
photoreceptor cells
outermost layer composed of rods and cones
rods
important for dim light, 120 million/retina, more numerous, night vision, low acuity, vision in shades of grey
cones
important for precise vision and color, 6 million/retina, concentrated in fovea, day vision, high acuity
ganglion cells
innermost layer of retina; axons of these cells leave the retina and form the optic nerve
optic disc
blind spot of retina lacking photoreceptors
where is the optic disc located
where ganglion cell axons exit the retina to form the optic nerve and blood vessels enter and exit the retina
fovea centralis
depression in retina containing the highest proportion of cones and almost no rods. Has the sharpest vision
where is the fovea centralis located
within the macula lutea(lateral to optic disc)
Lens
transparent structure, suspensory ligaments attach to outer capsule of lens
accommodation
change shape of lens to focus image
optic chiasm
where optic nerves cross over each other
optic tracts
extend laterally, posteriorly from chiasm
optic radiation
extends from thalamus to occipital lobe
visual acuity
the ability to distinguish fine detail
nearsightedness(myopia)
cant see far away because eye is too long, can add width to correct. Treatment is surgery or glasses(thin in middle)
farsightedness(hyperopia)
cant see short distances because eye is to short, add length. Glasses are thick in the middle.
Presbyopia
age related not eye changes
astigmatism
irregularity on lens or cornea. Treatment is glasses(varies for each case)
conjunctivitis
pink eye. Virus or bacteria, inflammation of conjunctivity
cataracts
clouding of lens—>age(older people)
glaucoma
increase in pressure in eye because of aqueous humor
diabetic retinopathy
small unstable vessels develop in eye and can rupture
strabismus
misalignment of eyes, one side of extrensic muscles stronger than the other
Part of external ear
auricle, external acoustic meatus, and tympanic membrane
auricle
external funnel
external acoustic meatus
ear cannel
tympanic membrane
ear drum, amplifys sound waves
auditory tube
connects middle ear to nasopharynx
auditory ossicles(small bones)
transmit sound waves to inner ear
equilibrium
awareness of head position
maculae
contains hair cells