Anatomy Exam 4 lecture 1

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84 Terms

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stimuli

sensory information

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sensation

conscious awareness of the stimuli

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What are stimuli detected by?

sensory receptors

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general senses

temperature, pain, touch, stretch and pressure and are distributed throughout skin and organs

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Special senses

gustation, olfaction, vision, equilibrium, and hearing and are housed in complex organs of the head

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Transduction

conversion of stimuli into an impulse

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perception

CNS assigning meaning

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Chemoreceptors

detect specific molecules dissolved in fluid

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thermoreceptors

detect changes in temperature

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photoreceptors

detect changes in intensity, color, and position of light

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mechanoreceptors

detect touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch

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Baroreceptors

detect pressure changes within body structures(blood vessels) and are mechanoreceptors

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Nociceptors

detect painful stimuli

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phantom pain

sensation associated with a part of the body that has been removed

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referred pain

impulses from certain viscera are perceived as originating not from the organ but from the skin(ie. heart attack—> feeling pain down the arm)

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tactile receptors

a type of mechanoreceptor that reacts to touch, pressure and vibration that is the most numerous

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Where are tactile receptors located

In the dermis and subcutaneous layer

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Gustation

sense of taste

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gustatory cells

detect tastants in food and is housed in specialized organs(taste buds)

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Papillae

epithelial and connective tissue elevations

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5 taste sensations

sweet, salt, sour, bitter, umami

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Taste buds on anterior 2/3 of tongue

conduct gustatory information to CNS through facial nerve

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Taste buds on posterior 1/3 of tongue

conduct gustatory information to CNS through glossopharyngeal nerve

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What is taste interpreted by?

Insula

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Olfaction

sense of smell

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Odorants

are dissolved in mucus of nasal cavity and detected. More sensitive in animals.

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Olfactory epithelium

lines superior nasal cavity

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Olfactory nerves

bundle of axons of olfactory receptor cells

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What enters olfactory bulbs

axons from neurons foramina of cribriform plate

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What do olfactory bulbs project?

axon bundles called olfactory tracts to the temporal lobe

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conjunctiva

lining of eyelids over the anterior surface of eye, does not cover cornea

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what is lacrimal fluid

tears

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where is the anterior cavity of the eye and what does it contain?

it is in front of the lens and contains circulating aqueous humor

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where is the posterior cavity of the eye and what does it contain

it is behind the lens and contains vitreous humor

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what are the three eye wall layers

fibrous tunic, vascular tunic and retina

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vitreous humor

gelatenous, helps maintain shape

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glaucoma

pressure buildup within an eye because of high amounts of aqueous humor

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cornea

clear anterior portion of the eye, continuous with sclera

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sclera

white part of eye

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vascular tunic

deep(brownish)

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choroid

vast network of capillaries supplying nutrients and oxygen to the retina (region with blood vessels)

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cilliary body

changes lens shape, anterior expansion with ligaments attached to the lens

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iris

pigmented part of anterior eye; defines pupil

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pupil

controls amount of light entering eye

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circular sphincter pupillae

immediately around, makes pupil smaller when there is a bright light

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radial dilator pupillae

makes pupil larger when theres less light

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retina

internal layer of eye

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neural layer

houses photoreceptors and associated neurons. It receives light; converts energy into nerve impulses

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Bipolar cells

synapse with photoreceptor and ganglion cells

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photoreceptor cells

outermost layer composed of rods and cones

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rods

important for dim light, 120 million/retina, more numerous, night vision, low acuity, vision in shades of grey

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cones

important for precise vision and color, 6 million/retina, concentrated in fovea, day vision, high acuity

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ganglion cells

innermost layer of retina; axons of these cells leave the retina and form the optic nerve

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optic disc

blind spot of retina lacking photoreceptors

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where is the optic disc located

where ganglion cell axons exit the retina to form the optic nerve and blood vessels enter and exit the retina

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fovea centralis

depression in retina containing the highest proportion of cones and almost no rods. Has the sharpest vision

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where is the fovea centralis located

within the macula lutea(lateral to optic disc)

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Lens

transparent structure, suspensory ligaments attach to outer capsule of lens

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accommodation

change shape of lens to focus image

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optic chiasm

where optic nerves cross over each other

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optic tracts

extend laterally, posteriorly from chiasm

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optic radiation

extends from thalamus to occipital lobe

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visual acuity

the ability to distinguish fine detail

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nearsightedness(myopia)

cant see far away because eye is too long, can add width to correct. Treatment is surgery or glasses(thin in middle)

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farsightedness(hyperopia)

cant see short distances because eye is to short, add length. Glasses are thick in the middle.

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Presbyopia

age related not eye changes

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astigmatism

irregularity on lens or cornea. Treatment is glasses(varies for each case)

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conjunctivitis

pink eye. Virus or bacteria, inflammation of conjunctivity

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cataracts

clouding of lens—>age(older people)

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glaucoma

increase in pressure in eye because of aqueous humor

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diabetic retinopathy

small unstable vessels develop in eye and can rupture

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strabismus

misalignment of eyes, one side of extrensic muscles stronger than the other

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Part of external ear

auricle, external acoustic meatus, and tympanic membrane

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auricle

external funnel

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external acoustic meatus

ear cannel

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tympanic membrane

ear drum, amplifys sound waves

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auditory tube

connects middle ear to nasopharynx

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auditory ossicles(small bones)

transmit sound waves to inner ear

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equilibrium

awareness of head position

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maculae

contains hair cells

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