psych unit 2 aos2

Binocular depth cues

Requires both eyes to send information to the brain to percieve depth

Convergence

Inward turning of the eyes

Retinal disparity

The brain detecting similarites/differences between the information sent from each eye

Figure ground

Perceiving the figure as more important than the background as it stands out

Closure

Our ability to close up or ignore gaps in visual stimuli to perceive it as a whole

Similarity

The tendency that we group together stimuli that are similar in size/shape/colour

Proximity

Tendency to perceive the parts of visual stimuli that are close together as a whole

Grapheme synaesthesia

May associate letters or numbers with specific colours

Lexical-gustatory synaesthesia

Association of certain words with specific tastes

Perception

Process of selecting, organising and interpreting sensory info

Selection (perception)

The process of attending to certain sensory stimuli and excluding others.

Organisation (perception)

Process of regrouping selected features of sensory stimuli in order for them to be cohesively arranged

Interpretation (perception)

Process of understanding and assigning meaning to sensory information in order to understand it

Visual perception

Process of becoming aware of visual stimuli as a result of the interaction between the visual sensory system, and the individual’s internal and external environment

Gustatory perception

Process of becoming consciously aware of flavour

Top-down processing

Interpreting sensory info by starting at the ‘top’ with prior knowledge and expectations and ‘working down’ to specific stimulus info

Bottom-up processing

‘Starting at the bottom’ with raw sensory information that is ‘sent up’ for higher level mental processing

Attention

Actively focusing on particular information while simultaneously ignoring other information.

Sustained attention

Focusing on one stimulus or task for a prolonged, continuous amount of time

Divided attention

Splitting attention across two or more stimuli at a time (multitasking)

Selective attention

Exclusively focusing on a specific stimulus or task while ignoring all other stimuli or tasks.

Muller-Lyer illusion

• Carpentered world hypothesis- when we apply the line with the regular arrowhead to the world, it forms the outward corners of a wall of a building; making it appear bigger

• Culture/environment factors- people who grow up in cultures in which society is restricted by rectangular internal walls, as is common in Western building designs, are more likely to perceive the Muller-Lyer illusion (those that grew up in predominantly circular/trapezoid buildings less likely to be fooled by it)

Ames room illusion

• Specially constructed trapezoid shaped room, designed to create the visual illusion that it is rectangular for an observer viewing the room through a peephole (relative size)

• Caused by not being able to use monocular cues like convergence and retinal disparity

Apperciative agnosia

• Unable to process or perceive certain stimuli

• Unable to draw or copy a drawing of a stimulus and unable to name the stimulus in the drawing

Visual agnosia

• Able to process and perceive certain stimuli

• Able to draw/copy a drawing of a stimulus, but unable to name it

• Unable to translate perception into recognition

Fallibility

Quality of being prone to error or experiencing difficulties in judgement

4 qualities of synaesthesia

• Automatic, can’t be controlled

• Generally experienced as a one-way process

• Usually consistent across time

• Experienced uniquely by each individual

Grapheme synaesthesia

Association of written letters and numbers with colours

Lexical-gustatory synaesthesia

Association of certain words with sensations of taste

Spatial neglect

A condition involving being unable to attend to sensory stimuli on one side of the body

Miraculin

If you eat something sour or acidic, pH level in your mouth will drop, causing miraculin to change it’s chemical shape, which stimulates sweet receptors + sends a sweet signal to the brain

Motion parallax

Uses our perception of movement to help us gauge how far away things are

What are the types of binocular depth cues

Convergence and retinal disparity

What are the types of monocular depth cues?

Accommodation and motion parallax

Accommodation

Our lens bulging and flattening according to how far away an object is.