radi 440 midterm 2 conceptual content

fundus (of the stomach)

the ___ has stretch receptors which trigger digestion and tell you you’re full

pylorus (pyloric sphincter)

the ___ marks the end of the stomach

lesser curvature (of the stomach)

the __ is a common site of ulcers

rugae

__ helps increase the surface area of the stomach

pyloric sphincter

the __ serves as a final passageway into the SI (specifically the duodenum)

left upper quadrant (LUQ)

the jejunum is the __ portion

right lower quadrant (RLQ)

the ileum is the __ portion

brunner glands

protects SI from stomach acid; located in the duodenum

plicae circulares

slow down food passage and increase SA to increase nutrient absorption; primarily in ileum

peyer patches

regulatory checkpoint; prevent harmful bacteria from invading; primarily in ileum

duodenum

the __ is the proximal portion of the SI

valves of kerckring (circular folds)

__ increase SA and contact time of the bolus with the luminal wall in the duodenum

papilla / major duodenal papilla

the __ is the site of drainage of the pancreatic duct (of Wirsung)

ligament of treitz

distal suspension of the duodenum and site of duodenojejunal flexure; posterior abdominal wall

duodenum, left renal vein

the SMA arises superior to the __ and __

lymphoid hyperplasia

in children, appendicitis is often due to __

a fecalith

in adults, appendicitis is often due to __

haustra

segments of the LI are defined as __

ampulla of the rectum

the __ is a dilated region which is the storage site of feces

pectinate line

the __ divides the GI tract from the outside world

mucosal membrane; moisturizes and lets things pass through, visceral sensory innervation, venous drainage to the portal system

type of membrane above (proximal to) the pectinate line

squamous membrane; keeps moisture in and protects, somatic sensory innervation, venous drainage to the vena caval system

type of membrane below (distal to) the pectinate line

anal canal

the __ is the termination of the GI tract

pectinate line

the __ is the proximal most aspect of the anal canal

anal sphincters

the __ control the release of feces

internal anal sphincter; this triggers the brain to know that you need to defecate

the __ anal sphincter dilates involuntarily with the ampulla

external anal sphincter; pudendal nerve

the __ anal sphincter is under voluntary control, which is accomplished via the __ nerve

liver

the __ is the largest visceral organ in the human body

right hypochondriac and epigastric; upper right quadrant

the liver is located in the __ and __ regions

hepatic and common bile ducts, proper hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein

what does the portal triad consist of?

arteries and veins

nutrients are brought to the liver via…

the bile ducts

waste is drained from the liver via…

central veins (which then dump into the vena cava)

nutrients drain toward the __ of the liver

inferior

the gallbladder lies __ to the liver

bile; CCK (aids in digestion)

the gallbladder releases __ in response to food intake via a hormone called __

duodenum; major duodenal papilla

the biliary tree empties into the __ at the __

liver failure, biliary colic, pancreatitis

when gallstones become lodged in ducts, it can cause repercussions upstream of the obstruction:

left hypochondriac region (LUQ)

the spleen is located in the __ region

spleen

largest lymph organ, collecting site for blood cells (recycles and produces)

exocrine (90% exocrine, 10% endocrine)

pancreas is mainly ___ (90/10)

islets of langerhans

endocrine functions of the pancreas are regulated by __

beta cells

insulin goes with…

alpha cells

glucagon goes with…

delta cells

somatostatin goes with

digestive enzymes; duodenum; pancreatic duct

exocrine; the pancreas releases __ into the __ via the __

hepatic portal vein

the portal system drains the GI tract via the __

splenic vein, superior and inferior mesenteric veins

drainage of the hepatic portal system collects in the portal vein; this system includes:

foregut (proximal)

celiac trunk feeds…

midgut (middle)

superior mesenteric artery feeds…

hindgut (distal)

inferior mesenteric artery feeds…

T12

celiac trunk arises from the aorta at…

gastroepiploic arteries

the __ arteries run along the greater curvature of the stomach

L1, midgut

the SMA arises from the aorta at __ and supplies the __

L3, hindgut

the IMA arises from the aorta at __ and supplies the __

left gastric veins to esophageal veins, paraumbilical veins to superficial veins, superior rectal veins to middle and inferior

when the liver becomes cirrhotic, pressure builds up in the portal system, causing porto-systemic shunting between:

11th and 12th ribs

the superior aspect of the kidneys extends anterior to the __ and __ ribs

regulate pH and ion balance, filter and excrete nitrogenous wastes

function of kidneys

brodel’s bloodless line

between the anterior and posterior segments of the kidneys is __

left renal vein

the __ is particularly long, making the left kidney more acceptable for transplant

L1/L2

the renal arteries branch off the aorta at the level of…

afferent arterioles (A for Arriving)

__ feed the glomeruli of the kidney

glomerulus

the __ is the site of filtration in the kidney

efferent arterioles (E for Exiting)

the __ carries blood away from the glomerulus

renal papilla

the collecting ducts drain to the level of the __

renal papilla —> minor calyces —> major calyces —> renal pelvis —> ureter

path of fluid in the kidney

renal pelvis, iliac vessels, bladder

common sites for kidney stones

back pain, flank pain

kidney stones cause significant __, often described as __

voluntary

the external urethral sphincter is under __ control

involuntary

the internal urethral sphincter is under __ control

superior and posterior

the uterus lies __ and __ to the bladder

proper ovarian ligament (medial) and suspensory ligament of the ovary (lateral, contains the ovarian artery)

the ovary is secured in space by two ligaments:

progesterone, temporary; diminishes if an egg is not fertilized (active)

corpus luteum produces ___ and is a __ structure

corpus albicans, which diminishes after several months and is primarily formed of collagen (inactive)

the corpus luteum degenerates and forms the __

(graafian) follicle

the __ is the location of ovum development

fimbriae

after release, the ovum is swept into the uterine tube by __

cervical canal

at the isthmus the uterus narrows into the __

endometrial tissue

__ is what is shed each month of the menstrual cycle

cervical canal

the __ is the passage for the fetus during delivery; connects the uterus and vaginal canal

tunica albuginea

testes are surrounded by the __

lobules of the testes (drains from seminiferous tubules in the testes to the rete testis)

spermatogenesis occurs in the __

rete testis, epididymis, ductus deferens

efferent ductules drain the __ into the __ and ultimately the __

pampiniform plexus

__ drains the testes and keeps the testes cooler than the rest of the body

posterior

the seminal vesicles are paired glands on the __ bladder

ejaculatory duct

the ductus deferens and seminal vesicles form the __

support, protection, movement, electrolyte balance, acid-base support, blood formation

functions of the skeleton

osteoarthritis

over time, articular cartilage can wear, leading to __

periosteum

outer covering of the bone, protective tissue

endosteum

inner layer of marrow cavity

osteon

functional unit of bone

via canaliculi

how do osteons communicate?

condyle

rounded knob that articulates with another bone

trochanter

massive process

tubercle

small rounded process

fossa

a shallow, broad, or elongated basin

foramen

a hole through a bone, usually round

sinus

an air-filled space in a bone

movement, stability, control of body openings, heat production, glycemic control

functions of muscles

their shape, their action, their location

muscles are typically named for one of three reasons:

flexion - biceps brachii (prime mover), triceps brachii (antagonist), brachialis (synergist)

example of muscle groups

epimysium

outer layer of the skeletal muscle fiber