APUSH period 3

French and Indian War (Seven Year War)

War fought in North America between the English/colonists/Iroquois vs. French and Natives

Fought over land and the Ohio valley region

Why did Iroquois side with British?

The Iroquois believed they would receive the British promise that after the war there would be no more white settlement.

Albany Plan / Congress

The Albany Plan called for a more centralized union of colonies but it got rejected because other delegates did not agree with the taxation needed for this plan and the overall authority given

Treaty of Paris

1763

King George III wanted peace and Britain and France were getting tired of fighting.

The France ended up in defeat and paid the price, having to cede territories in North America to the British and they had to surrender their access to ports. British became secure in their strength and control in North America and other colonies all over the world.

British victory of F&I War Results

Native tribes no longer had the advantage of playing a “three-way balancing act between Britain, France, and Spain”.

Without French presence, British government didn’t need to ask Native tribes for consent

Pontiac Rebellion

An Indian uprising led by Pontiac of Ottawas and Neolin of Delaware. Pontiac preached that if they rid themselves of the whites, they would see their old lands and power back.

Pontiac and his farmers attacked British forts, catching the English off guard.

Proclamation Line of 1763

King George III wanted peace in North America and wanted to keep good trade relations with the Natives and issued a proclamation that no British settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains was allowed.

This angered many of the colonists

Paxton Boys

a group of farmers who wanted to get rid of all of the Natives. They tried to kill as many as they could and many white colonists began to lump all Natives as the enemy

Salutary Neglect

Salutary Neglect is when the British allowed the colonists to manage their own affairs due to the distance between the island and the colonies. Britain turned a blind eye to what was happening in the colonies.

“Virtual Representation”

Virtual representation is a political theory that the members of an elected body, such as the British Parliament, represent the country or empire as a whole regardless of where individuals live

Loyalists

1/5 of the colonists remained loyal to Great Britain and opposed the American Revolution. A majority of slaves were also loyalists because they believed the British would grant them freedom someday.

John Locke’s Ideas / Enlightenment and the Revolution

John Locke guided the Revolution and inspired many of the Revolutionary leaders (they were also inspired from French philosophers). Locke believed in having a power to remove or alter legislative authority and the social contract theory.

Social contract

the power to govern is in the hands of the people and they willingly give over some of that power to create a government capable of protecting their natural rights. 

Republicanism

self-government by citizens of a country

Global effects of American Revolution

many places around the world, such as Haiti, were inspired by the American Revolution and pushed for their own independence.

Great Awakening

a series of religious revivals in American Christian history that gave church members the permission to judge their ministers and go back to the church through logic.

Impressment

British policy of forcibly enlisting sailors into British navy against their will by kidnapping them.

Taxes imposed on colonists:

Sugar Act(1764) - tax on sugar which included rum and molasses

Currency Act (1764)- prohibited colonies from issuing their own paper money as legal tender

Stamp Act (1765)- required legal and commercial documents to be printed on special paper with official stamp.

Townshend duties of 1767 - taxes on glass, lead, paper, and tea

Sons of Liberty

secret organization that formed to oppose the Stamp Act

Results of the Tax Acts

• The colonies were more united as the fought against the common enemy, Britain

• Secret organizations formed

• boycotting

• British hate started bubbling

• Colonists petitioned for a repeal on these taxes

Why were the Sugar and Stamp acts repealed?

Many riots occurred throughout colonial cities, such as the New York Stamp Act Riot. Groups, like the Sons of Neptune, agreed not to import British goods while Stamp Act was in force. Many merchants were smuggling to avoid paying taxes.

Boston Massacre

British troops were standing outside in Boston and the crowd started throwing snowballs at them. The crowd grew and more soldiers were stationed. One person threw something at one of the soldiers which caused the soldiers to fire back.

Boston Tea Party

A shipment of tea arrived in Boston, colonists forced the ship to move where British authorities couldn’t control. Men dressed up as Mohawks and boarded the ship to dump the tea .

Daughters of Liberty

women that opposed British measures by making their own cloth, evaded taxed tea. Women led food riots throughout the colonies.

Intolerable / Coercive Acts

series of laws taxes that included the act that closed the port of Boston until taxes were paid, Quartering Act, the Government Act - The Massachusetts Council, previously constituted as an elected body with the governor’s approval, became appointed by the crown - and a revision of charter.

First Continental Congress

All colonies - except Georgia - sent delegates to Philadelphia. They agreed that Parliament had no right to tax the colonies but few were ready for a break with Britain

Talk of Freedom of Slaves

as first continental congress occurs, the talk of slavery and the idea of independence were conflicting and coinciding

Battle of Lexington and Concord

British general wanted to catch the colonial militia by marching to Concord and seizing their weapons. The colonists expected them and they faced the first battle of revolution. Colonists won.

Many people realized reconciliation was not the answer

Slaves in the Armies

British royal governor of Virginia announced that all indentured servants and slaves were free as long as they fight in the war. Hundreds of slaves joined the British army and runaway slaves helped build forts, tend the wounded, and fight.

American forces were more reluctant because of the reaction of white soldiers and because it might support a slave revolt.

2nd continental congress

Delegates attempted to create the continental army with George Washington in charge. Delegates were still not sure what they wanted from the war (reconciliation, independence, etc)

Thomas Paine’s Common Sense

very popular pamphlet that influenced colonists to support independence movement by stating 2 points: monarchy is bad and it was time to be independent

Committee of Five

Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Roger Sherman, Robert Livingstone

They were tasked to write Declaration of Independence

Articles of Confederation

written document setting up the loose confederation of states that made up the first national government of US

The thirteen colonies agreed to be 13 independent states that agreed to work together for a common purpose

Minute Men

colonists who pledged to be ready to to fight on a minutes notice (most were farmers)

Washington’s plan during Revolutionary War

fight a defensive war and avoid any decisive loss.

Battle of Valley Forge

one of the few outright victories Washington would win

Hessians

german merchants hired by force to serve the British

Battle of Saratoga

River to fight against colonial rebellion. They were successful until they got to Saratoga. The British troops became tired from moving around with heavy weapons through thick forests At Saratoga, Burgoyne faced Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold and he were surprised that the British bayonet charge could not break American lines. Neither side won a decisive victory and Burgoyne was forced to surrender later. 

This battle was a turning point because the colonists were able to eliminate a significant British force and show the world that Americans could win. This victory helped show France and Spain that they are serious about the war and they were able to negotiate agreements with them for funds for supplies.

French and Spanish support during war

France provided guns and ships while Spain gave food and supplies

Women’s involvement in war

• camp followers

• women raised money for soldiers

• women would take over farms if the men were fighting in war

Battle of Yorktown

the American victory guaranteed the war will end favorably for the Americans.

Treaty of Paris 1783

The final treaty signed in Paris where British acknowledged America free and independent

Newburgh Conspiracy

Some soldiers took a petition from Newburgh to Congress in Philadelphia for money. They warned that to make them wait longer for pay could be fatal.

Washington was horrified and cleverly found a way to diffuse the situation by asking the soldiers to postpone their meeting and he invited Horatio Gates, the young soldiers’ idols. He entered the meeting without any notice and attacked the Newburgh Addresses by saying violence was not answer. Soldiers caved.

Shay’s Rebellion

An armed movement of debt-ridden farmers in Massachusetts who objected to the state’s efforts to tax them. The postwar economic depression reduced the value of farm products and the farmer’s income.

Farmers rioted in courts to stop them from issuing foreclosure rulings.

Thousands of farmers involved and were planning on overthrowing the government but a misunderstanding on what day to assault made the rebellion die down.

Creation of Northwest Territory

created out of lads claimed by PA, NY, CT, MA. Congress created IN, IL, MI, WI. Congress used a grid pattern to establish boundaries (rectangle shape)

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

only success of the AOC

states the requirements for new states to form

banned slavery in these territories

It declared that native land shall never be taken from them without their consent. This enraged the colonists.

Joseph Brant

leader of Mohawk who was one of the few people who met King George and George Washington

Slavery in the North

The idea that freedom and liberty should apply to slaves were catching on though they were not stated in the Constitution/Declaration of Independence. Northern slavery was dying down, and by late 1780s some states abolished it. Abolition laws were very slow!!! It was not until 1850 that slavery was gone in North.

Slavery in the South

In the plantation of Virginia and Maryland, slave owners, created a market for humans, encouraging slaves to have children so they can sell them too. Slaves represented 60% of the population in SC and GA.

Women in States

Native women supported the British but did not get any support back

Slave women also sided with the British

Loyalist women faced hostility from neighbors

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Because men were away for so many months, women took on more “manly” jobs like running farms. They also gained more personal independence.

Republican Motherhood

belief that women should have more rights and a better education so that they might support husbands and raise sons who would actively participate in the political affairs of society

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important, limited role that opened doors to education for women and access to politics

ONLY FOR UPPER/MIDDLE CLASS WOMEN

Articles of Confederation

Alliance between 13 states which stated that a unanimous vote was needed to levy taxes, 9/13 states needed to pass a law and the real sovereignty rested with the state governments.

The government started broke and was very individual and weak because people didn’t want to repeat tyranny. Westward expansion was a problem because of conflict with Natives.

Annapolis Convention

conference of delegates from five states called into consider changes to the Articles of Confederation and to settle economic rivalry between states.

Hamilton requested for another convention to “revise” the AOC and make provisions.

Constitutional Convention

55 men gathered in the Independence Hall to make amendments for the AOC. They instead came up with a new form of government. Delegates came from every state except for Rhode Island.

James Madison

the key architect of the Constitution. He came up with the Virginian Plan

Virginian Plan

proposed by Edmund Randolph

stated that there should be two houses whose members were elected based on proportional representation. Each state would have a certain number of votes based on population. Randolph also proposed a national executive and judiciary system.

Separation of Powers

Different branches of the government would have authority and they can “check” each other

Judicial - interprets the law

Executive - enforces the law

Legislative - makes the law

Federalism

A system of government in which power is divided between federal and state governments

New Jersey Plan

Called for a Congress in which both houses would be comprised of delegates elected with an equal number from each state

Connecticut Plan

Great Compromise!

Proposed a House of Representatives with members elected by districts based on population and a Senate made up of two senates from each state

Electoral College

Idea proposed by Madison

He suggested a system in which each state selects presidential electors according to the number of its senators and representatives in Congress and these electors then select the president. If a majority of electors couldn’t selects a candidate, choice goes to the House.

Delegates agreed to 4-year term for president and to give the president the authority to veto but that a 2/3 vote from chamber can override

3/5th clause

slaves would be counted as 3/5th of a person for purposes of establish a state’s representation under proportional representation

Larger states were in the South and they wanted slaves to count for representation for more electoral votes. North opposed this

Slavery in the Constitution

Never directly mentioned

“other people”

It included clauses such that slaves who escape to another state would not be freed and should be returned

Federalists Papers

85 newspapers anonymously written by James Madison, John Jay, Alexander Hamilton to support the constitution.

Fears on Constitution

Supporters of the Constitution - Federalists - came with clear plan for improving the government (they wanted a strong, central government)

Opponents of the constitution - Anti-federalists - concerned that a strong national governments would trample on the rights of the individual states and citizens

Poor people and farmers distrusted it

Washington’s Cabinet

Washington - president

John Adams - vice president

Thomas Jefferson - Secretary of State

Alexander Hamilton - Secretary of Treasury

Edmund Randolph - Attorney General

Henry Knox - Secretary of War

Bill of Rights

James Madison created amendments but it was hard to get them passed since many didn’t want to amend it

10 amendments became the Bill of Rights

Hamilton’s Financial Solution

America was millions of dollars in debt

Hamilton suggested that the government should assume war debt and promise to pay it off while establishing a tax policy where the government could meet obligations.

Madison and Jefferson opposed this because states like Virginia already paid off their debts and were unhappy to cover the debts of '“irresponsible states”

Elastic Clause

The elastic clause stated that Congress had the right to make any law that was necessary and proper in order to carry out its other responsibilities.

Hamilton invoked this for his proposal on a national bank

How did Hamilton get his financial plan passed?

Hamilton struck a compromise with Jefferson and Madison which gave the South the capital if they supported his plan.

First Bank of US

Hamilton called for the creation of a Bank which was modeled by the British bank (Americans didn’t trust this)

Hamilton believed the US should have a common currency. A central bank also could make loans and expand the amount of credit available.

Democratic-Republicans hated this because they thought it would keep the poor in poverty and centralize power in the north.

Jefferson vs Hamilton’s views

Jefferson:

• wanted an agrarian nation that exported raw materials

• supported South and slavery

• wanted states to have more power

Hamilton:

• wanted a commercial economy

• harsh critic of slavery

• he pushed open immigration that would work in emerging factories

• higher tariffs

• competition and capitalism

Washington Administration - Indian Wars

Washington blamed the white settlers for conflict with the Natives because they never asked or waited for permissions. His goal was to end the Native conflict and to gain control of the Northwest Territory so he declared a full-scale war.

Treaty of Greenville

Natives were forced to cede most of the present states of OH, IN, IL, MI, WI

America gained control and many Natives moved to British Canada or further West

Whiskey Tax

Hamilton proposed taxing whiskey because it could generate more income for the government and increase sobriety.

Farmers in Pennsylvania opposed this because turning corn into whiskey was profitable for them.

Whiskey Rebellion

Armed uprising by farmers who threatened, beat up, tarred and feathered, and shot tax collectors

Washington marched in Pennsylvania with 12000 troops and immediately shut down the rebellion, proving the power of the new government.

Citizen Genet

French ambassador that was very undiplomatic and violated Washington’s neutrality order

Citizen Genet Affair

The french ambassador tried to stirp up military support for France and the French Revolution among Americans

This led to many Americans supporting the French Revolution, which concerned Washington

Federalists vs Antifederalists

Federalists

• pro-Britain

• strong federal army

• commercial nation

• urban, New England based

Antifederalists

• pro-France

• weak financial army

• state rights

• agrarian nation

• South based

Jay’s Treaty

Britain agreed to pay compensation for its attacks on ships but did not pull troops out

Pinckney’s Treaty

A treaty with Spain that set the border between the United States and Spanish Florida. Gave America access to New Orleans so farmers could ship goods down the Mississippi river. British troops finally left

3 warnings given by Washington in his Farewell Address

• To be neutral on foreign policy

• Advised against political parties

• states should be united and shouldn’t fight against each other

Federalists wish for presidency after Washington

John Adams as Prez

Thomas Pinckney as VP (Though Hamilton wanted Pinckney as Prez, betraying Adams)

Anti-federalists wish for presidency after Washington

Thomas Jefferson as Prez

Burr as VP

Adams Issue with French

French launched an undeclared war on US shipping and were capturing ships. Federalists pushed for a war while D-R said it was just false rumors. Adams wanted middle ground (and preferably peace)

XYZ Affair

Adams attempted peace negotiations but France sent 3 agents (“X”, “Y”, “Z”) to inform negotiations would only proceed if they gave a bribe. This outraged the Americans

Quasi War With France

An undeclared war from 1797 to 1800 between US and France. US began an embargo against France. Talleyrand did not want a war

Alien and Sedition Acts

A series of three acts that made it harder for new immigrants (particularly Irish and Scottish residents) to vote and made it a crime to criticize the president or Congress.

The Alien Acts lengthened the time to qualify for citizenship from 5 to 14 years.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

resolution written by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison that asserted the rights of states to declare federal law null and void within a state

Election of 1800

Federalists wanted Adams as Prez and Charles Pinckney as VP

D-R wanted Jefferson as Prez and Burr as VP

all presidential candidates had different views on slavery and religion

The election was very close with Jefferson and Burr both getting 73 votes, Adams 65, and John Jay 1. Congress was in deadlock between Jefferson and Burr but Hamilton broke the tie by supporting Jefferson (for once).