Chapter 6 pt.2: Integumentary

What does yellow-tinged nails indicate?

May indicate respiratory or thyroid gland disorder.

What can thickened yellow nails be a sign of?

A fungal infection of the nail.

What is koilonchya, also known as 'spoon nail'?

An outward concavity of the nail that may signal iron deficiency.

What do Beau's lines across the nails indicate?

May indicate severe illnesses such as uncontrolled diabetes, heart attack, or cancer chemotherapy.

What are merocrine sweat glands also called?

Sudoriferous glands.

Where are sweat glands found in the body?

All skin surfaces except nipples and parts of external genitalia.

How many sweat glands does an average person have?

About 3 million.

What are the two main types of sweat glands?

Eccrine (merocrine) and apocrine sweat glands.

What is the primary function of eccrine sweat glands?

Thermoregulation.

What is the composition of eccrine sweat?

99% water, salts, vitamin C, antibodies, dermcidin, and metabolic wastes.

What triggers eccrine glands to contract?

Nervous system stimulation.

What areas of the body are apocrine sweat glands confined to?

Axillary and genital areas.

What type of sweat do apocrine glands secrete?

Viscous milky or yellowish sweat containing fatty substances and proteins.

What is the role of bacteria in relation to apocrine sweat?

They break down sweat, leading to body odor.

What are ceruminous glands?

Modified apocrine glands that secrete cerumen (earwax).

What do sebaceous glands secrete?

Sebum, an oily holocrine secretion.

What is acne?

An infectious inflammation of the sebaceous glands resulting in pimples.

What causes whiteheads and blackheads?

Whiteheads are blocked sebaceous glands; if oxidized, they become blackheads.

What is seborrhea, also known as 'cradle cap'?

Overactive sebaceous glands in infants leading to pink, raised lesions on the scalp that flake off.

What are the main functions of the skin?

Protection, body temperature regulation, cutaneous sensations, metabolic functions, blood reservoir, and waste excretion.

What is the acid mantle of the skin?

A low pH layer that retards bacterial multiplication.

What are the three barriers constituted by the skin?

Chemical barrier, biological barrier, and physical barrier.

What is the ABCD rule in melanoma detection?

A: asymmetry, B: border irregularity, C: color variation, D: diameter larger than 6 mm.

What are the three major types of skin cancer?

Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma.

What is the immediate threat of burns?

Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance.

What is the Rule of Nines used for?

To estimate the volume of fluid loss in burns.

What characterizes a first-degree burn?

Epidermal damage only, with localized redness, edema, and pain.

What is a third-degree burn?

Involves the entire thickness of skin, with no pain due to destroyed nerve endings.

What treatments are included for critical burns?

Debridement, antibiotics, temporary covering, and skin grafts.