Bio exam 2

species

a group of organisms that can successfully interbreed and produce fertile offspring

Speciation

development of new species

Allopatric speciation

Occurs due to geographic/physical isolation

Sympatric speciation

occurs within the same geographic region. Usually because of competition of resources

Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms (RIM)

how species are created and maintained

What 2 things does RIM do?

prevents flow of DNA among populations. Preserves genetic integrity of species by preventing reproduction between species.

Ecological isolation

occurs when different species are separated from each other due to habitat or lifestyle differences.

behavioral isolation

a reproductive barrier that prevents different species from interbreeding due to behavioral differences

Temporal Isolation

a reproductive barrier that prevents closely related species from interbreeding because they reproduce at different times

Mechanical isolation

isolation that prevents two organisms from reproducing due to physical differences in their reproductive organs

What 2 processes does speciation require?

Separate population and reproductive isolation

Gradualism

slow change over time

Punctuated equilibrium

stasis then change. Occurs in spurts

What are 2 ideas regarding macroevolution changes?

Gradualism and Punctuated equilibrium

Extinction

the end of a lineage in where no species remain alive

Extinction can occur…

Gradually or sporadically. Naturally or because of humans

Why might extinction occur?

evolution, habitat destruction, catastrophes, climate change, biological interactions, or overkill.

Cell

smallest unit at which all processes necessary for life occur

Organelles

little structures with particular functions

Cell membrane

outer covering of cell that regulates what goes in and out of the cell

Phospholipids

important to cell membranes because they are amphipathic

Fluid Mosaic Model

membranes are made of a variety of different molecules that can move around in the membrane

Diffusion

movement from a higher to lower concentration

Passive Transport

Diffusion that requires a protein transport or tunnel. Doesn’t require energy

Active transport

molecules move from low to high concentration. requires energy

Vesicle-mediated transport

Vesicles move molecules inside or outside of cell

Exocytosis

vesicle transports molecules out of cell

endocytosis

vesicle transports molecules into the cell

Phagocytosis

endocytosis of large food particles

Nucleus

Control center that contains the DNA inside of its phospholipid bilayer

Ribosomes

Help build proteins and makes enzymes

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Large folded membranes

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

has ribosomes, process proteins

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

doesn’t have ribosomes, processes lipids

Golgi Apparatus

Receives, processes, packages, and ships proteins and lipids. Makes vesicles.

Mitochondria

Converts molecules into usable energy (ATP). Have their own DNA

Chloroplasts

convert light energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis. have an inner thylakoid membrane. have their own DNA

Vacuoles

intracellular sacks used for storage and pump water our of a cell

Cell walls

rigid wall made from cellulose that helps plants hold themselves up

Prokaryote

a small, simple cell with no nucleus or membraned organelles. Often bacteria

Eukaryote

a large complex cell with a nucleus and organelles

Matter

anything that has mass and takes up space

Energy

the capacity to do work

Work

any change in the state or motion of matter

What are the 2 laws of thermodynamics?

energy cannot be created nor destroyed and entropy tends to increase

Entropy

state of disorder

Homeostasis

maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment despite the external environment

Homeostasis is…

the most effective state that is all about energy which was a trait selected by the environment through natural selection to maximize fitness

Metabolism

sum of all the chemical reactions within an individual

Catabolism

A process that breaks down complex molecules into simple ones

Anabolism

A process that synthesize complex molecules from simple ones

ATP

energy made of 3 phosphates

What is death?

the inability to create ATP

The energy output used to break ATP into ADP is…

catabolism

The energy input used to put ADP into ATP is…

anabolism

Photosynthesis

converts light energy into chemical energy

Respiration

converts chemical energy into ATP

What is sunlight?

a collection of many wavelengths

Color

a specific wave length

Fluorescence

An excited electron emits a low level energy light wave and goes back to normal

Kinetic energy

Movement of energy used to do work

What happens when you excite electrons?

An electron emits a low level light wave. It transfers to another electron

Photosynthetic Pigments

Molecules that absorb light energy, transfer it to electrons, and pass it on

Chlorophyll A

absorbs everything but green

Carotene

absorbs end of the spectrum (cool colors) so we can see the beginning of the spectrum (warm colors)

Photosynthetic Traits are…

a trait selected by the environment

Photosynthesis chemical equation

Carbon dioxide + water → glucose and oxygen

light reactions

energy captured excites electrons used to make ATP that is stored for later reactions. makes oxygen

Dark reactions

used stored ATP to make glucose.

Respiration chemical equation

Glucose and oxygen → carbon dioxide and water (+ ATP)

Why can’t Respiration be a quick process?

it would be uncontrolled and we would lose energy

Where does respiration occur?

in the mitochondria

Where does Photosynthesis occur?

in chloroplasts

What are the 2 types of respiration?

Aerobic and Anaerobic

Aerobic Respiration

Happens when O₂ is present. Has 3 steps

Glycolysis

Step one. Splits glucose into smaller molecules. generates few ATP

Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs cycle)

Step 2. Completes the break down of Carbon into CO₂, makes few ATP, makes NADH used in the next step

Electron transport chain

Step 3. Generates a lot of ATP from NADH. oxygen is bonded to make water which removes waste and maintains diffusion

Anaerobic Respiration

less efficient because only glycolysis can be preformed. Produces toxins

What is the end goal of Respiration?

ATP

What is the most common molecule in the cell membrane?

phospholipids

Where is usable ATP energy stored?

The last phosphate bond