Bones + Joints

diaphysis

shaft of a long bone

medullary cavity

channel at the center of a long bone that contains yellow bone marrow

epiphysis

end of a long bone

central canal

center of an osteon of compact bone - channel in center of spinal cord that contains fluid

osteon

subunit of compact bone consisting of concentric rings of bone tissue around a central channel

perforating canal

channel across a long bone that contains blood vessels + nerves

periosteum

covers bones - composed of dense irregular connective tissue

endosteum

thinner membrane that lies the bones marrow cavity - contains blasts and clasts

fetal ossification

process of bone formation where bone tissue replaces cartilage

epiphyseal plates

secondary bone forming centers during formation of a long bone

head

rounded, knoblike seperated by slender

process

large projection

condyle

rounded projection

epicondyle

small projection above a condyle

foramen

hole that allows vessel or nerve to pass btwn bones

sinus

cavity or hollow space

fossa

depression on bone surface

meatus

short channel or passageway

cranium

8 bones

frontal bone

forehead, roof of skill, roof of eye sockets

parietal bones

2 - tops and sides of skull

temporal bones

2 - sides and base of skill - ear structure + mastoid

ethmoid bone

between eyes - eye socket, nasal cavity, nasal septum + nasal conchae

sphenoid bone

bat shaped at base of skill contains sphenoid sinuses and the sella turcia

occipital bone

back/base of skull - where spinal cord connects to brain

suture

joint which bone surfeces are closely united

coronal suture

connects frontal with parietal

squamous suture

temporal bone with parietal bones

lamboid suture

occipital bone wiht parietal

saggital suture

parietal bones with eachother

facial bones

14

mandible

lower jaw

maxillae

2 - upper jaw

zygomatic bones

2 - cheekbones

nasal bones

2 - bridge of nose

lacrimal bones

2 - small bones in inner eye socket

vomer

lower part of nasal septum

palantine bones

2 - back of hard palate

inferior nasal conchae

2 - curved bones in nasal cavity that warm, filter, and humidify air

ossicles

3 bones in middle ear - malleus, incus, stapes - transmit sound

hyoid bone

U shaped bone below mandible

fonatels

soft spots where bone has yet to form

anterior fontanel

largest spot between frontal + parietal bones - 18 months

how many vert in children

33-34

how many vert in adults

26 due to fusion

invertebral discs

cartilage btwn vertebrae that absorb shock and increase flecibility

vertabral foramen

opening for the spinal cord

spinal canal

formed by vertebral coramina

spinous process

posterior projection muscle attachement can be felt on the back

transverse processes

lateral projections for muscle attachment

in vertebral foramina

openings where spinal nerves exit

cervical vert

C1-C7 - in neck

atlas

C1 - nodding yes

Axis

C2 - shaking head no

thoracic vertebrae

T1-T12 articulate with 12 pairs of ribs

lumber vert

L1-L5 - lower back

Sacral vert

5 - fused to form sacrum or back of pelvis

coccygeal vert

4-5 fused to form coccyx (tailbone)

cervical spinal curve

secondary, convex, develops when babys head stays up

thoracic spinal curve

primary, concave

lumbar spinal curve

secondary convex - when walking

sacral spinal curve

primary concave

thorax

rib cage - 12 ribs + sternum

sternum

breastbone

manubrium

upper rotation; clavicle + 1st rib

body

middle - ribs 2-7

sternal angle

manubrium + body

xiphoid process

inferior tip of sternum - CPR landmark

acromion

joint connecting clavicle and scapula

osteoporosis

abnormal loss of bone tissue with tendency to fracture

osteopenia

bone density levels below average

paget disease

excess osteoclast followed by excess blast = increase bone mass

osteomalacia

softening bones due to poor calcium deposition

rickets

osteomalacia in children

osteogenesis imperfecta

defective collagen production = brittle bones, frequent fractures

neoplasm

tumor in bone

osteosarcoma

bone cancer in young people

chondrosarcoma

cancer of cartilage in middle age

bone metasis

other cancter that spreads to bone

osteomylitis

bacterial infection through blood + open wounds

TB of bone

long bones, weist, ankle

pott disease

TB of spine = weakens vertebrae, pain, deformity, spinal cord compression

Articulations

Joints - 2 or more bones meet

sunarthrosis articulation

immovable joint - skull

amphiathrosis articulation

slightly movable - pubic sumphysis

diarthrosis articulation

free moving join - most joints

flexion

decreasing angle between bones + joints (away from anatomic postion)

extensions

increases angle at joint - returning to anatomic position

dorsiflection

bending foot upward

plantar flexion

pointing toes

abduction

away from midline

adduction

toward midline

inversion

turning feet inward

eversion

turning feet outward

circumduction

circular movement

rotation

twisting or turning of a bone

supination

turning palm upward

pronation

turning palm down or backward

dislocation

bones out of place

sprain

torn/ stretched ligaments