APEURO UNIT 6 Ideologies and Reform

Liberalism

A political ideology advocating for individual freedoms, popular sovereignty, enlightened self-interest, and democracy, emphasizing limited government intervention in personal affairs; an enlightenment idea

Jeremy Bentham

An English philosopher and jurist, best known for founding utilitarianism, promoting the greatest happiness principle and advocating for legal and social reforms

utilitarianism

A philosophical theory that suggests the best action is the one that promotes the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people, often associated with the principles of social reform.

John Stuart Mill

A British philosopher and political economist, notable for further developing utilitarianism and advocating for individual rights, freedom of expression, and social reforms.

Chartism

pushed back against the liberal idea that the only people who should vote were those who owned land, as those people held the most importance in society; argued for universal male suffrage and full citizenship without regard for title, land, etc.

The Subjection of Women

An essay by John Stuart Mill advocating for women's rights and equality, arguing against the legal and social restrictions placed on women and promoting gender equality.

Flora Tristen

A French socialist and early feminist known for her advocacy for women's rights, suffrage, and worker's rights, emphasizing the connection between social reform and gender equality.

Socialism

ideology that demands that a society’s means of production should be owned by the community as a whole, not private individuals

Utopian Socialism

A political and social philosophy that envisions an ideal society where all property is owned collectively, and aims to replace capitalism through peaceful means rather than revolutionary methods.

Henri de Saint-Simon

A French philosopher and one of the founders of utopian socialism, who advocated for a system based on cooperation and the organization of society according to scientific principles to improve social conditions; inspired Charles Fourier and Robert Owen

intentional communities

groups of people who choose to live together and share common interests, often based on specific social, cultural, or ideological principles, in order to create a supportive and cooperative environment; implemented successfully in Scotland

Scientific Socialism

A theory developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that emphasizes the role of class struggle and the importance of historical materialism in societal development, advocating for a revolutionary overthrow of capitalism in favor of socialism.

Communist Manifesto

A political pamphlet written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848, outlining the principles of communism and calling for the working class to unite against capitalist exploitation.

Clara Zetkin

A prominent German Marxist and women's rights activist who played a key role in the early socialist movement and advocated for women's suffrage and equal rights.

Rosa Luxemburg

A Polish-German Marxist theorist, philosopher, and revolutionary socialist who played a significant role in the German socialist movement, advocating for democratic socialism

Anarchism

A political ideology that advocates for a society without government or hierarchical authority, emphasizing self-governed and voluntary associations.

Mikhail Bakunin

A Russian revolutionary and theorist known as one of the founding figures of anarchism, who opposed the state and advocated for collective and mutualist forms of organization.

Georges Sorel

A French philosopher and socialist theorist who argued that once people rose up and destroyed the governing authorities, all property should be transferred to labor unions

Syndicalism

a political and economic theory that advocates for direct action by workers, emphasizing the role of trade unions in achieving political power and social change through the establishment of a direct democracy; taught by Georges Sorel.

Mass-Based Political Parties

political organizations that rely on widespread support from the general population, aiming to include diverse social groups in the political process and often emphasizing grassroots mobilization and activism; as European nations extended the right to vote to more and more people, political parties had to appeal to more voters’ interests to win offices

Conservative Party

A mass-based political party that emerged in England that really only cared about the interests of the landed elite

Liberal Party

A mass-based political party that emerged in England that focused on the interest of the working class, which grew as suffrage was extended to working class men.

Social Democratic Party

A mass-based political party in Germany that advocated for social justice and equality through democratic means, emphasizing the interests of the working class and supporting policies such as labor rights and welfare reforms; based around Marxist principles of class struggle; the result of the merging of the General German Workers’ Association and the Social Democratic Workers’ Party

Karl Marx

A German philosopher and economist best known for his works on communism and his analysis of capitalism; claimed that class struggle would eventually result in a violent revolution

labor unions

Organizations formed by workers to protect their rights and interests, advocating for better wages, working conditions, and benefits through collective bargaining; emerged in the 19th century; some turned into political parties themselves

Barbara Smith Bodichan

An American author and activist known for her work in feminism and social justice, particularly within the context of Black women's experiences; gathered a group of women together that came to be known as the Ladies of Langdon Place

Ladies of Langdon Place

A group of women organized by Barbara Smith Bodichan that focused on feminist and social justice issues, particularly related to the experiences of Black women.

Women’s Social and Political Union

A notable British women's suffrage organization founded in 1903 by Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters to campaign for women's right to vote through militant tactics; their protests led women over 30 to gain the right to vote.

Pankhurst Family

A prominent family of British suffragists, including Emmeline Pankhurst, who played a crucial role in advocating for women's voting rights through activism and founding the Women's Social and Political Union.

Sunday School Movement

A social reform movement aimed at providing religious education to working class children, often on Sundays, and promoting moral values through community engagement; led to increased literacy/education

Abolitionist Movement

A social and political movement aimed at ending slavery and the slave trade, advocating for the rights of enslaved individuals and promoting their freedom. Key figures included Frederick Douglass and Harriet Tubman; especially successful in England

William Wilberforce

British abolitionist and politician, he was a leading figure in the movement to abolish the transatlantic slave trade and played a significant role in the passage of the Slave Trade Act of 1807.

Laissez-Faire

An economic philosophy prominent in the centuries preceding the Industrial Revolution advocating minimal government intervention in the economy, promoting free markets and individual entrepreneurship; with the rise of urban social issues, though, people started to seek government intervention

interventionist

A government approach that actively involves itself in economic and social affairs to address inequalities; this approach replaced laissez-faire during the Industrial Revolution as societal needs became more pressing and complex in urban areas

Edwin Chadwick

A British social reformer known for his work in public health and sanitation; was instrumental in advocating for sanitary reforms in urban areas, particularly through his report on the poor living conditions in the 1840s; argued that one of the most significant factors to the poor remaining poor was disease

public health

The science and practice of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health through organized community efforts and informed choices; started to be implemented in Britain following Edwin Chadwick’s studies using sanitation systems, sewer systems, clean water systems, etc

Georges Haussmann

A French urban planner known for his renovation of Paris in the mid-19th century, which included wide boulevards, parks, and improved sanitation systems, greatly enhancing the city's infrastructure and public health.

Elizabeth Fry

An English social reformer and advocate for the welfare of women and children in prison. She contributed to prison reform and improved conditions through her efforts in the early 19th century.

Compulsory Education Laws

passed by most governments by 1870-1914; aimed to keep public order (working ages increased, so many children would be free to disturb order), engender nationalism in the younger generation, promote economic growth

Kindergartens

educational institutions for young children, focusing on play and creative activities, designed to prepare them for primary school; created by Friedrich Froebel

Friedrich Froebel

German educator known as the founder of the kindergarten system, emphasizing play and creativity as essential components of early childhood education.