SHS 205 FINAL

modules 3.1 - 7.3

Which cognitive functions typically decline with age and may decline faster in adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder?

executive functions

Is the following statement true or false?

Depression and anxiety are uncommon characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and thus are not a problem in older adults with ASD.

false

Intervention strategies for autism range from [blank]

highly structured and focused on behavior to naturalistic and focused on socialization

[Blank] disorder is a neurological disorder that causes difficulties with processing information from the five senses — vision, auditory, touch, olfaction, and taste — as well as from the sense of movement (vestibular system) and/or the positional sense (proprioception).

sensory processing disorder

Is the following statement true or false?

Impaired working memory accounts for significant variance in language skills and symptom severity among children with high-functioning autism.

true

Is the following statement true or false?

Broca’s area is only in the right hemisphere.

false

Which of the following are common language impairments seen in individuals with Traumatic Brain Injury? (Select all that apply.)

auditory comprehension deficits, deficits in pragmatic language, and anomia

Which of the following major areas would you want to assess in a person who has sustained a traumatic brain injury? (Select all that apply.)

speech systems, expressive language, receptive language, and swallowing

Is the following statement true or false?

A common cause of having a cognitive-linguistic disorder is left-hemisphere damage.

true

[Blank] aphasia is a rare form of fluent aphasia from damage to a band of nerve fibers (arcuate fasciculus) that connects Wernicke’s area in the left temporal lobe to Broca’s area in the left frontal lobe of the brain. Characteristics include difficulty repeating multisyllabic words, phrases, and sentences; phonemic and verbal paraphasias; some word-finding problems; and impaired comprehension.

conduction

What are the three most common causes of aphasia? (Select all that apply.)

stroke, neoplasm, and hemorrhage

The following four interacting factors my affect the treatment outcome of individuals with neurological disorders. Which of these statements are correct? (Select all that apply.)

time of therapy onset, prior language and literacy skills

Non-fluent speech in persons with aphasia is associated with damage to which area of the brain?

frontal lobe regions

In an individual with a brain lesion, which of the following factors generally determine the characteristics and the extent of the neurological damage caused? (Select all that apply.)

[Blank] is a form of paraphasia in which a person combines consonants and vowels that sound like they could be words, but are not, and uses inflection to give them emotional meaning, for example, bingtema and hitican.

neologistic

According to the DSM-5, Autism Spectrum Disorder includes which of the following?

deficits in social communication/interaction and repetitive behaviors

Is the following statement true or false?

Autism is diagnosed more frequently in girls than in boys.

false

Theory of [blank] is the ability to imagine or anticipate the mental states of other people (e.g., beliefs, thoughts, intents, desires, feelings, etc.), which may be different from one’s own.

mind

Which of the following personality changes may be seen in patients who have sustained a traumatic brain injury? (Select all that apply.)

loss of empathy, increased irritability, increased isolation

Is the following statement true or false?

Social (pragmatic) communication disorder (SCD) consists of impaired use and interpretation of gestures, facial expressions, speech prosody, and social language.

true

[Blank] is defined as an impairment of the ability to produce words in their correct sequence and with all necessary morphemes.

agrammatism

In an individual with a brain lesion, which of the following factors generally determine the characteristics and the extent of the neurological damage caused? (Select all that apply.)

Patient age

Cause of damage

Location of lesion

Lesion size

Which of the following auditory comprehension impairments are common in individuals with aphasia? (Select all that apply.)

Failure to understand complex grammar

Lack of awareness of errors

Providing unreliable answers to “yes/no” questions

Difficulty understanding spoken utterances

which components does the brainstem consist of

Midbrain

Medulla oblongata

Pons

Which bones surround the lungs and are involved in respiration? (Select all that apply.)

clavicles, sternum, ribs

Match the following cortical structures with their primary (sensory) areas.

Precentral gyrus

Primary motor area

Postcentral gyrus

Primary somatosensory area

Occipital lobe

Primary visual area

Temporal lobe

Primary auditory area

Which cartilage provides the main structure of the larynx?

thyroid

Is the following statement true or false?

The primary muscles involved in respiration are the intercostal muscles.

false

Which theory explains speech production as the result of sound energy being modified by the filter characteristics of the vocal tract?

source-filter

Nasal sounds are produced by lowering the [blank] to the base of the tongue, which closes the oral cavity and allows air to be directed into the nasal passages.

velum

Which aspects of sound can be modulated in the process of speech production? (Select all that apply.)

loudness, quality, pitch

In producing spoken English consonants, which of the following aspects are manipulated to create different sounding consonants? (Select all that apply.)

manner of articulation, voicing, place of articulation

Select the best definition for manner of articulation.

how a sound is produced considering air flow through the vocal tract

Is the following statement true or false?

When a child has not acquired certain phonemes by a particular age as would be expected, and patterns in speech errors are evident, the child may be said to be exhibiting phonological processes.

true

A sound [blank] is the production of the wrong sound in the place of the correct sound, such as thoup for soup.

substitution

Identify the type of phonological process described in the following example:

Replacing a fricative or affricate with a stop consonant, as in "punny" for "funny."

stopping

An articulation disorder is the incorrect production of speech sounds because a child [blank]. (Select all that apply.)

does not have precise timing and speed of movement of the articulators (down to milliseconds). 

is not placing an articulator in the correct position in the mouth (e.g., the tongue tip is not being placed on the alveolar ridge properly).

is not moving an articulator in the correct direction.

has difficulty coordinating the movements of the articulators.

A(n) [blank] disorder is defined as the incorrect production of speech sounds because of faulty placement, timing, direction, pressure, speed, or integration of the movements of the mandible, lips, tongue, or soft palate.

articulation

Is the following statement true or false?

The lips, teeth, and tongue are part of the articulation system.

true

Breathing occurs when the true vocal folds are [blank].

abducted

Which of the following structures are responsible for phonation? (Select all that apply.)

larynx, Thyroarytenoid muscles

Select the best definition for place of articulation.

where in the mouth the constriction is

A blend or a [blank] cluster occurs when two or more sounds appear together with no vowel separation.

consonant

A sound [blank] is the insertion of a sound or sounds that are not part of the word itself, such as animamal for animal.

addition

A sound [blank] is the production of the wrong sound in the place of the correct sound, such as thoup for soup.

substitution

Some children with childhood apraxia of speech are able to perform adequately on isolated articulator movements (e.g. rapid protrusion and retraction of the tongue), but have difficulty with the complex interactions of the speech systems to produce speech.

true

Is the following statement true or false?

Apraxia of speech is caused by damage to a brain region in or around Wernicke’s area.

false

Is the following statement true or false?

There is no genetic component to the presence of childhood apraxia of speech.

false

Children with childhood apraxia of speech produce [blank].

inconsistent errors for consonants and vowels

Is the following statement true or false?

Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) is frequently used with individuals who have mild to moderate apraxia of speech.

false

[Blank] are repetitions of units consisting of two or more words (e.g., “Mommy’s home‒mommy’s home to make dinner.”).

phrase repetitions

Is the following statement true or false?

Children who stutter have been shown to have different cognitive abilities compared to children who do not stutter.

false

Which of the following behaviors are examples of primary stuttering behaviors? (Select all that apply.)

repetitions, prolongations, blocks (no sound production)

Which aspects of speech production contribute to fluency? (Select all that apply.)

prosody, rate, smoothness

Which of the following behaviors are common secondary characteristics of stuttering? (Select all that apply.)

tapping with finger or foot

eye movements/blinking

lip pressing

head movements

[Blank] of sounds and syllables are inappropriate lengthening of sounds and syllables, which may be accompanied by pitch change (often a tense rising pitch; e.g., “Mmmmommy’s home to mmmake dinner!”).

prolongations

Which of the following characteristics may be affected in each of the speech systems when a person has dysarthria? (Select all that apply.)

Rate of muscle movement 

Range of motion

Strength

Coordination

[Blank] communication approaches generally attempt to enhance conventional forms of communication, whereas alternative communication approaches generally attempt to replace conventional forms of communication.

augmentative

Which of the following are neuromuscular conditions related to dysarthria? (Select all that apply.)

cerebral palsy, huntingtons chorea, parkinsons

Is the following statement true or false?

There is always a clearly identifiable cause of dysarthria.

false

Is the following statement true or false?

Childhood apraxia of speech is unlikely to be the initial diagnosis of a child with a speech disorder. Instead, it is likely to be a diagnosis of exclusion or last resort.

true

Which of the following are key characteristics of apraxia of speech? (Select all that apply.)

inappropriate prosody

lengthened and disrupted transitions between sounds and syllables

inconsistent errors

Is the following statement true or false?

Girls are more likely to experience stuttering than boys.

true

Is the following statement true or false?

Two of the most common causes of dysphagia in infants and children are premature birth and cerebral palsy.

true

Is the following statement true or false?

Dysphagia requires a team approach, with the speech-language pathologist typically acting as the coordinator or head of the team.

true

Is the following statement true or false?

The work of SLPs with patients who have dysphagia, in some ways, is the most challenging and high-risk work we do.

true

Which of the following disorders may cause adult dysphagia? (Select all that apply.)

Stroke

Cancer

Neuromuscular disease

Traumatic brain injury

Which of the following are the two phases of the oral stage of swallowing?

Preparatory and transport

What is the most frequently encountered voice disorder among school-age children?

Hoarseness caused by vocal abuse and misuse

Which of the following is considered the "fuel" for voicing?

air

A vocal [blank] (also known as a vocal fold [blank] or a vocal cord [blank]) is a benign (non-malignant or non-cancerous) vocal fold growth that tends to be bilateral and occurs at the same location as vocal polyps (i.e. at the juncture of the anterior third and middle third of the vocal folds), caused by continuous vocal fold hyperfunction (abuse and misuse).

nodule

Which of the following is not a general category of voice disorders?

non-functional

[Blank] is inadequate muscle tone in the laryngeal mechanism and associated structures, including the muscles of respiration.

hypotonia

Is the following statement true or false?

Missing teeth in the alveolar ridge are a common problem in children with cleft lips and palates.

true

What is a pharyngeal flap in cleft lip/palate disorders?

A piece of tissue surgically attached to the soft palate

When do clefts in lips and palates occur?

During embryologic development

Is the following statement true or false?

One non-instrumental (low-tech or no-tech) technique to evaluate a child’s velopharyngeal function includes the nose pinch test.

true

Which of the following professions are most likely to serve as primary team members for a child with cleft lip/palate? (Select all that apply.)

[Blank] is defined as difficulty swallowing that occurs when impairments affect any of the four phases of swallowing that puts a person at risk for aspiration of food and/or liquid and potential aspiration pneumonia.

dysphagia

Voice therapy may not be appropriate for which of the following?

acute laryngitis

Which of the following are good techniques for maintaining good vocal hygiene? (Select all that apply.)

not speaking in unusual pitches (high or low) for extended periods

not talking through illnesses (e.g. colds)

not smoking

[Blank] is inadequate muscle tone in the laryngeal mechanism and associated structures, including the muscles of respiration.

hypofunction

What is the difference between an incomplete and a complete cleft lip?

An incomplete cleft lip does not continue back into the palate, but a complete cleft lip does.

Is the following statement true or false?

Perforation (rupture) of the tympanic membrane can occur by concussion from explosions, a hand clapped hard over the ear, or excessive buildup of fluid in the middle ear during a middle ear infection.

true

Which parts of the ear can contribute to conductive hearing loss? (Select all that apply.)

middle ear, outer ear

Which of the following structures are part of the auditory nervous system and contribute to the perception of sound? (Select all that apply.)

VIII cranial nerve

Midbrain

Auditory cortex

Which of the following are the auditory ossicles? (Select all that apply.)

incus, malleus, stapes

Which of the following structures make up the middle ear? (Select all that apply.)

Stapes

Malleus

Incus 

Tympanic membrane

Which cells within the cochlea are responsible for the transduction of mechanical vibrations into electrical signals?

hair cells

The [blank] is the part of the inner ear containing the sensory mechanism of hearing. It is a spiral tunnel with 2¾ turns, about 30 mm (1¼ inches) long, resembling a tiny snail shell.

cochlea

What are the two functions of the structures of the inner ear?

Balance and translation of mechanical waves (i.e. vibration) into electrical signals

Which are the most common types of hearing loss? (Select all that apply.)

sensorineural and conductive

The [blank] is a thin, semi-transparent structure that separates the ear canal from the middle ear and transmits sound vibrations into the middle ear.

tympanic membrane

Is the following statement true or false?

During a hearing evaluation, hearing levels are measured with an audiometer.

true

Is the following statement true or false?

Deaf culture views Deafness as a difference and not as a pathology, disorder, or defect that requires treatment.

true

Pure tone [blank] uses tones of various frequencies and intensities as auditory stimuli to measure an individual's hearing sensitivity using both air conduction and bone conduction.

audiometry

[Blank] is the transmission of sound to the inner ear through vibration applied to the bones of the skull. This allows evaluation of the cochlea’s hearing sensitivity while bypassing any outer or middle ear abnormalities.

bone conduction

What is an audiometer?

A device used to measure hearing sensitivity

Is the following statement true or false?

A pressure equalizing tube (PE tube) is a small silicone tube inserted into the tympanic membrane following a myringotomy to equalize air pressure between the middle ear cavity and the atmosphere as a substitute for a nonfunctional Eustachian tube.

true