autonomic nervous system

two divisions of autonomic NS

sympathetic and parasympathetic

____ motor or ____ motor

visceral, autonomic

nervous system main goal =

maintain homeostasis

sympathetic and parasympathetic

• maintain optimal ____ environment by regulating activity of _____ and _____

• carry out functions via _____

• act premaritally on _____, ____, and _____

internal, internal organs, vasculature, PNS, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

intrinsic nervous system of the gut tube

enteric nervous sytem

enteric nervous sytem

• interconnected, microscopic _____ in the gut wall

• functions _____ but is ____ by the _____

ganglia, independently, modulated, ANS

visceral and vascular receptors of ANS

mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, nociceptors, thermoreceptors

sense pressure and stretch

mechanoreceptors

sense concentrations in blood and stomach

chemoreceptors

sense noxious stimuli, stretch, and ischemia

nociceptors

sense temperature

thermoreceptors

____ pathways → ____ processing → ____ pathways

afferent, central, efferent

visceral afferent pathways to brainstem via ____

cranial nerves

visceral afferent pathways to spinal cord via _____

dorsal roots

visceral afferent pathways

center of body → _____ n → _____ ramus → _____ → _____ root → synapse in ____ matter → ascend to ____, ____, ____

splanchnic, ventral, dorsal root ganglia, dorsal, grey, brainstem, hpothalamus, thalamus

visceral afferent pathways

in body wall → _____ ramus → _____ → _____ root → synapse in ____ matter → ascend to ____, ____, ____

ventral, dorsal root ganglia, dorsal, grey, brainstem, hypothalamus, thalamus

additional visceral afferent pathways - somatosensory nociceptive afferents: contribute to _____

referred pain

additional visceral afferent pathways - somatic efferents: produce _____

muscle guarding

somatosensory nociceptive afferent and somatic efferents

____ information → to ______ → to _____ areas → to _____ → to _____

pain, visceral control center, somatic sensory, sympathetic efferents, efferent to skeletal muscle

overall activity and cutaneous blood flow are affected through _____, _____, _____ and _____

limbic system, hypothalamus, reticular formation, spinal cord

cns centers receive ____ feedback from target organs; ____, ____, and ____

afferent, sympathetic, parasympathetic, hormonal

sympathetic nervous system

• ____ or ____

• spinal regions ____-___

• prepares for ____ activity

fight, flight, T1, L2, vigorus

parasympathetic nervous system

• ____ and ____

• cranial nerves: ____

• sacral regions ____

• energy ____ and return to ____

rest, digest, 3, 7, 9, 10, S2-S4, conversation, homeostasis

autonomic efferent information travels through a ____ pathway that synapse in a ____ ganglion

two neuron, peripheral

preganglionic neuron: from ____ to ____

CNS, ganglion

postganglionic neruon: from ____ to _____

ganglion, target

sympathetic nervous system

• preganglionic neruon (____ release) to postganglionic neuron (____ release)

ach, norepi

parasympathetic nervous system

• preganglionic neruon (____ release) to postganglionic neuron (____ release)

Ach, Ach

stimulation of sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system produces _____, _____ or ______ effects in specific organs

contrasting, complementary, unopposed

unopposed sympathetic activity

vasoconstriction, piloerection, sweating

unopposed sympathetic activity means to get less of effect, just need less _____

sympathetic info

complementary sympathetic and parasympathetic action

erection and ejactulation

_____ is released by the _____ will increase metabolic rate throughout the body

epinephrine, adrenal medulla

adrenal medulla releasing epinephrine is ____ function

sympathetic

sympathetics maintain optimal _____ to the organs

blood supply

when an individual feels threatened

• prepares for vigorous ____ activity

• ____ in the skin and gut allows for increased _____ to active muscles

• blood ___ levels increase, ____ and ____ vessels dilate, ____ and _____ increase

muscle, vascocontriction, blood flow, glucose, bronchi, coronary, bp, hr

sympathetic firing reduces activity in ____ system

digestive

sympathetic functions

• diameter of _____

• secretion of _____

• erection of _____

• _____ the pupil

• elevate upper eyelid via _____ muscle

• _____ and rhythmic _____ seen in males and females

blood vessels, sweat glands, hairs, dilation, superior tarsal, ejaculation, muscle contraction

increasing sympathetic activity ____ vessels

constricts de

decreasing sympathetic activity allows _____

vasodilation

sympathetic chain consists of

• _____ ganglia

• ____ rami

  • lateral - _____

  • medial - _____

• _____ ganglia

paravertebral, communicating, white, gray, prevertebral

cervical sympathetic trunks are in the _____ space and consist of ______, _____, and _____ cervical ganglion

retropharyngeal, inferior, middle, superior

the inferior cervical ganglion is sometimes fused with the ____ to form the ____ ganglion

first thoracic, cervicothoracic

the ____ nerves carry preganglionic sympathetic fibers to prevertebral ganglia in the _____

splanchnic, abdomen

greater splanchnic nerve levels

T5-T9

lesser splanchnic n levels

T10-T11

least splanchnic n levels

T12

cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic neurons are in the _____ horn of the spinal cord ____ matter from ____-____ levels

lateral, gray, T1, L2

cell bodies of sympathetic postganglionic neurons are in _____ ganglia or ____ ganglia

paravertebral, prevertebral

13 target locations of sympathetics

eye, lacrimal and salivary glands, cranial vessels, heart, lung, stomach, liver, pancreas, kidney, intestine, rectum, bladder, genitalia

parasympathetics - n that constricts the pupil, adjust lens convexity for focusing on objects

oculomotor CN III

parasympathetics - n that innervate the salivary and lacrimal glands

facial CN VII

parasympathetics - n that innervate a salivary gland

glossopharyngeal CN IX

parasympathetics - n that innervate the heart and smooth muscles of lungs and digestive system

vagus CN X

parasympathetics - n that cause penis erection and clitoris, vaginal lubrication, emptying of the bowl and bladder

sacral efferents

there is overlap between ____ and _____

sympathetics, parasympathetics

vagus n sends off parasympathetic branches, ____ trunk and ____ trunk down esophagus and into abdomen

anterior vagal, posterior vagal

cn III parasympathetic target organ/organs: ____

eye

cn VII and IX parasympathetic target organ/organs: ____

lacrimal and salivary glands

CN X parasympathetic target organ/organs: ____

heart, lung, stomach, liver, pancreas, kidney, intestine

sacral n S2-S4 parasympathetic target organ/organs: ____

rectum, bladder, genitalla

sympathetic

• ____ preganglionic fibers

• ____ postganglionic fibers

• ganglia relatively ____ from target rgans

• preganglionic cell bodies: ____-____

• postganglionic cell bodies: _____

• ganglia run ____ of spinal cord

short, long, far, T1, L2, chain or collateral ganglia, entire length

parasympathetic

• ____ preganglionic fibers

• _____ post ganglionic fibers

• ganglia located ____ target organ

• preganglionic cell bodies: _____

• postganglionic cell bodies: _____

• ganglia are at _____ of spinal cord

long, short, on or near, brainstem and S2-S4, cranial or enteric ganglia, one end or the other

peripheral nerve lesion

• interrupt _____, causing loss of ____, ____ regulation, and _____

sympathetic efferents, vascular, temp, sweating

serious decrease in bp or hr during the first 3 minutes of standing

orthostatic hypotension

symptoms of orthostatic hypotension

• ______, light headed, ____ feeling, _____

dizziness, faint, syncope

mechanism of orthostatic hypotension

gravity induced pooling of blood in LE

orthostatic hypotension

• normally prevented by _____ reflex, compensation for ____ drop by eliciting lower limb _____

baroreceptor, bp, vasoconstriction

postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS)

• symptoms occur upon _____

  • lightheaded, _____, headache, _____, nausea, _____ and cognitive ____

• ____ increase greater than ____

standing, fatigue, palpation, irritability, difficulty, hr, 30

pathologic mechanisms of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS)

• ____ nervous system overactivity, low _____, ____ disorders, cardiac and physical _____

• _____ causing or unmasking pots or pots like symptoms

sympathetic, blood volume, autoimmune, deconditioning, covid-19

loss of descending sympathetic control as a result of T6 lesion

orthostatic hypotension, poor thermoregulation, autonomic dyserflexia

autonomic dyserflexia

• abnormal, overreaction of the _____ to stimulation

• injury above ____ at risk

autonomic nervous system, T6

autonomic dysereflexia - occurs when ____ stimulus below the level of injury elicits uncoordinated autonomic responses

• elevated ____

• reduced _____

• pounding _____

• ____ below lesion

• ____ and ____ above lesion

noxious, bp, hr, headache, pallor, sweating, flushing

after SCI above T6

• pain or discomfort activated the _____ causing _____

• CNS tries to send _____ response, but SCI blocks signal from reaching spinal level ____

• _____ response only reaches the areas ____ injury

• _____ response continues out of control ____ the injury

• ____ will continue to be high until the cause of pain or discomfort is resolved. if not, the rise in ___ can cause _____ emergency

sympathetic system, vasoconstriction, parasympathetic, below injury, parasympathetic, above, fight or flight, below, bp, bp, hypertensive