Unit 1 Vocab H*A DOOM SAVE ME PLS HELP HELP HELP HELP :(((

Don't worry, about a thing, cuz every little thing is gunna be alright

Second Great Awakening

The US became a Christian Society and inspired movements such as abolitionism, temperance, and women's rights.

An Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World

David Walker - 1829

Called for black unity and resistance, encouraging enslaved people to fight for their freedom.

Nat Turner

led the deadliest slave revolt in US history. It ultimately failed and in response, stricter slave codes were passed, limiting movement and literacy for slaves.

Slave Codes

Defined enslaved people as property and limited their basic human rights.

William Lloyd Garrison

Stood for the immediate abolition of slavery.

Founded the Liberator newspaper.

Established the American Anti-Slavery Society.

The Liberator

Founded by William Lloyd Garrison, it was an abolitionist newspaper that put out an unwavering call for the immediate emancipation of enslaved people. It also revealed the evils of slavery and appealed to people’s moral and conscience.

The American Anti-Slavery Society

Advocated for the end of slavery without violence, through organized activism and revealing firsthand accounts of slavery conditions.

Lucretia Mott

Co-founded the Philadelphia female anti-s;Avery society. Advocated for women’s right and the end of slavery.

The Bible Against Slavery

Pamphlet written by Theodore Weld in 1837 that used passages from the bible to discredit slavery.

Angelina and Sarah Grimke

Quakers who spoke out against slavery and advocated for women;s rights, becoming the first women to speak in front of state legislature as representatives of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Underground Railroad

An informal network of whites and free blacks in southern towns that assisted fugitives.

Harriet Tubman

Underground railroad conductor, risked her life by continually returning to the south to assist fugitives.

Fugitive Slave Law (1793)

Allowed owners and their hired slave catchers to seize suspected runaways and return them to bondage.

Henry Garner

Called for an armed slave rebellion, in his “address to the Slaves of the US” he urged slaves to resist with force.

“Property Rights”

Constitutional issue that congress has no authority to infringe on the property rights of slave holders.

Gag Rule 1835

From 1836 to 1844 antislavery petitions in the house of representatives were automatically tabled so they couldn’t be debated.

The Liberty Party

The first anti-slavery political party. They argued that the constitution did not recognize slavery, therefore slaves automatically became free when they entered areas of federal authority such as DC and national territories.

American Colonization Society

Argued that racial bondage hindered economic progress and that slaves had to be freed and resettled, because without removal it would lead to chaos…civil war.

Quakers

Branch of Christianity, against slavery because it violated the “Golden Rule”

Gabriel Prosser

Enslaved artisan who led a failed uprising in Virginia, demonstrated the willingness of enslaved people to fight for their freedom. Also led to fear and stricter slave codes in the South.

Herrenvolk Republic

In order to preserve officials' privileged social positions, individual liberty and legal equality was restricted to only white people leading to the creation of a “master race” republic.

Stono Rebellion

Uprising where more than 20 colonists were killed, failed in the end. Harsher slave codes were enacted such as banning literacy and assembly.

King Cotton

Southern leaders believed that foreign powers would support them during the civil war because of how much economic power was held in the cotton industry. This led the South to secede from the union because they thought this economic power would ensure their success in the war. This failed because other sources of cotton were found, and the union blocked exports.

Domestic Slave Trade

The buying and selling of slaves within the US, expanded after foreign slave trade was banned. Significant in expanding the cotton empire and destroying families.

“Sold South”

Being sold to the deep south, meaning more brutal working conditions and basically death.

Chattel Principle

A slave has the same legal status as property, so they can be bought and sold, stripping them of their humanity.

“Benevolent Masters”

Masters who were committed to the welfare of the family “black and white”. Ex. treating their loyal slaves kindly. Made them feel better about themselves and rationalized slavery.

Southern Aristocracy

Wealthy land owners in the South with a lot of political power that were heavily reliant on slavery.

Patrols and Militias

Armed groups of white men that enforced racial and social hierarchies. All white men are forced to participate.

Disinterested Benevolence

Planters and their wives were being selfless and kind by having slaves because Africans were “genetically inferior”.

Positive Good

Slavery is actually good because the white people got to live an elegant lifestyle while genetically inferior Africans were “under their protection guidance”

Gang-Labor System

A labor system where white overseers would watch the slaves and work them at a steady pace.

Black Protestantism

provided a spiritual and communal foundation for African American communities. Argued that blacks as well as whites were children of god and should be treated as such.

Gullah

African American dialect that preserved African linguistic and cultural heritage.

Task System

A system where workers had to complete a defined job every day and when it was finished they had time to themselves.

Election of 1848 Significance

Big debate over slavery and changed the dynamics of national politics. Senator Lewis Cass was nominated who proposed squatter sovereignty.

Slavery Follows the flag

Amendment proposed by John Calhoun to expand slavery (rights)-- Planters could by right take their slave property into new territories.

Squatter sovereignty/popular sovereignty

Plan/doctrine proposed to maintain party unity of slavery; allowed settlers in each territory to determine their status as free or slave. →Northern Democrats opposed.

Compromise of 1850

To end the big big slavery fight, 5 separate laws were passed.

For the freaking South → a Fugitive Slave act (gave federal support to slave catchers); popular sovereignty for New Mexico and Utah territories

North →California admitted as “free state” + resolved boundary dispute between New Mexico & Texas (in favor of NM) + abolished slave TRADE NOT slaveRY in DC

Fire Eaters

Fire 🔥 = red 🟥 = trump 🗑 =MAGA 🫥→ Radical pro-slavery Southern politicians who promoted secession and the Confederacy

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

A novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe; pinpointed sexual abuse of women, segregation of black families, denying of parental rights to enslaved parents. →sparked discussion and protest on the Fugitive Slave Act (violated state sovereignty) →passed personal liberty laws

Personal Liberty Laws

Guaranteed to all residents, including fugitives, the right to a jury in trial.

Gadsden Purchase

U.S acquired additional land from Mexico to facilitate construction of a transcontinental railroad from New Orleans to California

Ostend Manifesto

Proposal to President Pierce which urged the purchase of Cuba form Spain (if Spain said no then they were gonna fight)

Kansas-Nebraska Act

In 1854- Made 2 new territories Kansas and Nebraska, repealing the Missouri Compromise; finished the Whig party and crippled the democracy →created the Republican party (I think).

Bleeding Kansas

Non-Kansas-ians (from Missouri) voted on proslavery legislation; Kansas-ians said “NO I reject”. Both sides had a big bloody fight and Kansas was labeled “Bleeding Kansas”

Dred Scott

Nonchalant Dreadhead

Dred-head stan yes yes yes. 10/10 enslaved African American, freedom petitioners, and lived in a free state and territory. He went to trial (Dred Scott v. Sandford) where he said “I’m free” but Butt-face Sandford said “Nah bro, ur freaking enslaved”

-African Americans could not be citizens

-Congress can’t ban slavery-Missouri compromise was unconstitutional

Slave Power Conspiracy

Anti-slavery belief →fueled political tensions + central tenet for Republican Party + rationale for Union in Civil War

Lecompton Constitution

Proslavery “trick” that made Kansas a slave state; popular vote was ignored (since majority of Kanas-ians were anti)

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Clarified opposing views on slavery and polarized public opinion on the issue

Brown’s raid on harpers ferry

Brown hoped that the raid on the federal arsenal would mount a major rebellion to end slavery….it didn’t work though.

Election of 1860

Lincoln was more moderate on slavery than most Republicans and he won this election.

Soil Exhaustion

Soil gets degraded when one crop is constantly being grown without nutrients being replenished into the soil. This drove westward expansion because Southern planters needed fertile soil.

Settlement of Texas (in northern Mexico)

Mexico offered land grants after gaining independence from Spain, but the farmers brought slave labour, which the Mexicans didn’t approve of. The Texans revolted and Texas was annexed by the US.

Sam Houston

Led the “war party” in the settlement of Texas, demanding independence from Mexico.

Cotton Monoculture

The southern economy’s overreliance on cotton which led to solid depletion, a heavy reliance on slave labour, and the consolidation of wealth.

Manifest Destiny

Idea of John O’Sullivan that the European settlers were given a fate by god to settle the Entire North American continent.

Election of 1844

Changed the American government’s policy towards the west, with the expansion into Texas and Oregon becoming the main issues. James Polk won by advocating for the annexation of Texas and by settling the Oregon dispute with Britain at the 49th parallel.

Oregon and Texas

Two states that were fueling the election of 1844 and the idea of the manifest destiny.

Texas Border Dispute

Mexico never recognized the annexation of Texas, so the dispute over the border directly triggered the Mexican-American war.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Ended the Mexican-American war, where the US bought land from Mexico and they established the border location. Major win for the manifest destiny.

Wilmot Proviso

Proposed  by David Wilmot, suggesting a ban on slavery in any territories gained by the Mexican-American war.

Slave power conspiracy

The idea that the South was trying to gain control over the National government in order to protect and spread slavery around the country.

Free soil movement

Political movement and party that wanted to prevent the spread of slavery into new territories.

American System

Henry Clay’s candidacy was based on this mercantilist program of national economic development which used tariffs to stimulate manufacturing, federally subsidized roads to facilitate commerce, and a national bank to control credit and provide uniform currency. Later adopted by John Quincy Addams.

Protective Tariffs

Provided revenue and encouraged industry.

Tariff of 1816

A tariff on cheap English cotton cloth allowing New England Textile producers to control that part of the market

Tariff of Abominations

1828

Raised prices significantly on raw materials, textiles, and iron goods. NY senator Van Buren hoped this would win the support of the farmers in NY, OH, and KY, but it enraged the south.

Nullification

The constitutional argument advanced by John C Calohoun that a state legislature or convention could void a law passed by congress.

The South Carolina Exposition and Protest

Written by John C.Calhoun, who was a defender of slave owners. Argued that since each state has their own interest, that protective tariffs and national legislation that operated unequally on the states was unconstitutional. “Constituational government and the government of a majority are utterly incompatible.

Force Bill

Authorising the president to compel South Carolina's obedience to national laws.

Indian Removal Act

1830

Directed the mandatory relocation of eastern tribes to territory west of the Mississippi. The goal was to “save the Indians and their culture”.

Calhoun’s states’ sights argument

Calhoun’s argument that a state convention could declare a congressional law to be void within the state's borders

The Taney Court Philosophy

Balanced federalism where regulatory power over corporations and property rights existed.

Whig Party

Arose when a group of congressmen contested Andrew Jackson’s policies and conduct. Identified itself with the Whigs who had opposed the British monarchs.