APHUG Unit 7

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Slum

A squalid and overcrowded urban street or district inhabited by very poor people.

Annexation

Legally adding land area to a city in the U.S.

Barriadas

A shantytown section on the outskirts of a large city in Latin America or another name for squatter settlements that are residential developments that take place on land that is neither owned nor is rented by its occupants.

CBD

The area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered.

Central Place Theory

A theory that explains the distribution of services based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart then smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther.

Census Tract

An area roughly equivalent to a neighborhood established by the Bureau of Census for analyzing populations.

Centrality

The functional dominance of cities within an urban system or the strength of urban center to attract producers and consumers to it's facilities.

Ex: Certain facilities being offered in the CBD that are not offered anywhere else, attract producers and consumers.

Christaller, Walter

He created the central place theory.

Cityscapes

Urban landscape; similar to a landscape, yet of a city (cityscapes often show the city's skyline, which is the CBD).

Colonial city

Cities established by colonizing empires as administrative centers

Command and control centers

Second level of cities that contains the headquarters of many large corporations, well-developed banking facilities, and concentrations of other business services, including insurance, accounting, advertising, law, and public relations.

Commercialization

The transformation of an area of a city into an area attractive to residents and tourists alike in terms of economic activity.

Commuter zone

The outer most zone of the Concentric Zone Model that represents people who choose to live in residential suburbia and take a daily commute in the CBD to work.

Concentric zone model

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings.

Counterurbanization

Net migration from urban to rural areas in MDCs.

Decentralization

The social process in which population and industry moves from urban centers to outlying districts.

Density gradient

The change in density in an urban area from the center to the periphery.

Dendritic street pattern

Characterized by fewer streets organized into a hierarchy based on the amount of traffic each is intended to carry-they form the "loop" or "lollipop" typical of urban sprawl neighborhoods.

Edge cities

A large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban areas.

Ex: Kennesaw, GA is an edge city.

Employment structure

Number of people employed in various basic and non basic jobs.

Entrepot

A port, city, or other center to which goods are brought for import and export, and for collection and distribution.

European city model

features: central market, wealthy live downtown and poor live in suburbs where factories are located.

Favela

Shantytown on the outskirts or even well within an urban area in Brazil.

Filtering (filter process)

A process of change in the use of a house, from single family owner occupancy to abandonment.

Galactic city

Cities are growing much faster than rural areas.

Gateway city

Cities that, because of their geographic location, act as ports of entry and distribution centers for large geographic areas.

Gentrification

A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income to a renter-occupied area.

Great cities

Cities with a population of more than one million.

Ex: Los Angeles, CA.

Greenbelts

A ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area.

Griffin-Ford Model (Latin American city model)

Combines elements of Latin American Culture and globalization by combining radial sectors and concentric zones.

Harris and Ulman model

The multiple nuclei model is an economical model created by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman in the 1945 article "The Nature of Cities".

High-tech corridors

Areas along or near major transportation arteries that are devoted to the research, development and sale of high-technology products. These areas develop because of the networking and synergistic advantages of concentrating high-tchnology enterprises in close proximity to one another.

Hinterland

The area surrounding a central place from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services.

Hydraulic civilization

Any culture having an agricultural system that is dependent upon large-scale government-managed waterworks.

In-filling

The use of vacant land and property within a built-up area for further construction or development.

Informal sector

The portion of an economy largely outside government control in which employees work without contracts or benefits.

Lateral commuting

Commuting that occurs between suburban areas rather than towards the central city.

Market area

The area surrounding a central place from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services.

Mega cities

Cities with more than 10 million people.

Ex: Kolkata, india.

Megalopolis

A very large urban complex (usually involving several cities and towns).

Metes and Bounds

Uses the physical features of the local geography, along with directions and distances to define the bounaries of a perpendicular piece of land.

Suburbs

A subsidiary urban area surrounding and connected to the central city. many are exclusively residential; others have their own commercial centers or shopping malls.

MSA (and CMSA)

In the U.S., a central city of at least 50,000 inhabitants, the county within which the city is located, and adjacent counties meeting one of the several tests indicating a functional connection to the central city.

Multiple nuclei model (Hoyt)

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities.

Multiplier effect

An effect in economics in which an increase in spending produces an increase in national income and consumption greater than the initial amount spent.

New urbanism

An urban design movement which promotes environmentally friendly habits by creating walkable neighborhoods containing a wide range of housing and job types.

Peak land value intersection

The region within a settlement with the greatest land value and commerce.

Peripheral model

A model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring model.

Planned communities

Any community that was carefully planned from its inception and is typically constructed in a previously undeveloped area.

Primate city

The largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second ranking settlement.

Public housing

Housing owned by the government; in the U.S. it is rented to residents with low incomes, and the rents are set at 30% of the families' incomes.

Rank-size rule

A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement.

Redlining

A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries.

Renovated housing

Housing maintained as result of the alternative to demolishing houses.

Restrictive covenants

A clause in a deed or lease to real property that limits what the owner of the land or lease can do with the property.

Rural Settlement Patterns (Dispersed, Clustered)

Is characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages.

Scattered site

Site in which dwellings are dispersed throughout the city rather than clustered in a large project.

Sector model

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the CBD.

Squatter settlement

An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures.

Smart growth

Legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmlands.

Survey systems

Systems used to collect data.

Sprawl

Development of new housing sites at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built up area.

Tenement

A room or a set of rooms forming a separate residence within a house or block of flats.

Threshold/Range

T-The minimum number of people needed to support the service. Ex: 100 workers for store owner.

R-Any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it. rank size rule

Township and Range System

A rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the US interior.

Underclass

The lowest social stratum in a country or community, consisting of the poor and unemployed.

Underemployment

An employment situation that is insufficient in some important way for the worker, relative to a standard.

Urban primacy

Indicates the largest city in a country or the central place in an urban or city network that has acquired or obtained a great level of dominance.

Urban realms model

Shows the spatial components of a modern metropolis.

Urban renewal

Program in which cities identify blighted inner-city neighborhoods, acquire the properties from private owners, relocate the residents and businesses, clear the site, build new roads, and utilities, and turn the land over to private developers.

World city

Centers of economic, culture, and political activity that are strongly interconnected and together control the global systems of finance and commerce.

Zone in transition

An area that is either becoming more rural or more urban.

Zoning

Dividing an area into zones or sections reserved for different purposes such as residence and business and manufacturing

Conurbation

An agglomeration of towns or cities into an unbroken urban environment.

Metropolitan area

Includes a large city and all of its surrounding suburbs and towns.