Progressive Movement Multiple Choice

The real heart of the progressive movement was the effort by reformers to

a. preserve world peace.

b. use the government as an agency of human welfare.

c. ensure the Jeffersonian style of government.

d. get the government off the backs of the people.

e. promote economic and social equality.

b

The American population in 1900 can best be described as

a. ethnically and racially mixed.

b. reaching nearly 76 million people.

c. one in seven people were foreign-born.

d. None of these

e. All of these

E

Match each late-nineteenth-century social critic below with the target of his criticism.

A. Thorstein Veblen

B. Jack London

C. Jacob Riis

D. Henry Demarest Lloyd

1 "bloated trusts"

2 slum conditions

3 "conspicuous consumption"

4 destruction of nature

a. A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1

b. A-1, B-3, C-4, D-2

c. A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1

d. A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4

e. A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3

C

Progressivism

a. was closely tied to the feminist movement and women's causes.

b. offered little to the growing women's movement.

c. supported better treatment of women but not women's suffrage.

d. saw racial issues as more important than women's issues.

e. reflected the views of working-class women.

A

Female progressives often justified their reformist political activities on the basis of

a. the need to assert female power against male oppression.

b. America's need to catch up with more progressive European nations.

c. women's inherent rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

d. the harsh treatment of working women by employers.

e. their being essentially an extension of women's traditional roles as wives and mothers.

E

The religious movement that was closely linked to progressivism was

a. the Young Men's and Young Women's Christian Associations.

b. the missionary movement.

c. conservative evangelicalism.

d. the Social Gospel.

e. the Catholic Action movement.

D

Match each early-twentieth-century muckraker below with the target of his or her exposé.

A. David G. Phillips

B. Ida Tarbell

C. Lincoln Steffens

D. Ray Stannard Baker

1 the United States Senate

2 the Standard Oil Company

3 city governments

4 the condition of blacks

a. A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4

b. A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1

c. A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4

d. A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1

e. A-1, B-4, C-2, D-3

A

Lincoln Steffens, in his series of articles entitled The Shame of the Cities

a. exposed the United States Senate as a millionaires' club.

b. exposed the deplorable condition of blacks in urban areas.

c. laid bare insider trading practices on the stock market.

d. uncovered official collusion in prostitution and white slavery.

e. unmasked the corrupt alliance between big business and municipal government.

E

Most muckrakers believed that their primary function in the progressive attack on social ills was to

a. formulate a consistent philosophy of social reform.

b. explain the causes of social ills.

c. devise solutions to society's problems.

d. make the public aware of social problems.

e. link up with movements for social justice.

D

The leading progressive organization advocating prohibition of liquor was

a. the National Consumers League.

b. Hull House.

c. the General Federation of Women's Clubs.

d. the Progressive Party.

e. the Women's Christian Temperance Union.

E

Progressive reformers included which of the following?

a. Militarists

b. Pacifists

c. Female settlement workers

d. Labor unionists

e. All of these

E

The Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution was a key progressive reform designed to

a. end the corrupt and family-destroying influence of the liquor industry.

b. make Senators directly elected and end the Senate millionaire's club.

c. prohibit child labor.

d. guarantee the secret Australian ballot in all federal elections.

e. enable the President to be elected directly by the people rather than by the Electoral College.

B

According to progressives, the cure for all of American democracy's ills was

a. technical and scientific expertise.

b. a third political party.

c. socialism.

d. a more conservative government.

e. more democracy.

E

All of the following were prime goals of earnest progressives except

a. the direct election of senators.

b. prohibition.

c. women's suffrage.

d. ending prostitution and white slavery.

e. treating women in the workplace exactly the same as men.

E

Activists, scholars and politicians mused about why socialism did not take hold in America, giving all of the following as reasons except

a. American workers' refusal to see themselves as a separate class.

b. the western frontier provided a safety valve that allowed workers to leave oppressive employers.

c. law and government policy prevented workers from uniting and protesting.

d. workers' remarkably high standard of living.

e. workers had full political economy long before the forces of industrialization developed.

C

By 1910, all of the following were true about women's efforts to gain the vote except

a. Progressives supported the movement.

b. reformers embraced votes for women as a way to elevate the political tone.

c. Prohibitionists thought they could count of votes of enfranchised women.

d. a federal amendment granting the right to vote was about to be passed.

e. states in the West had gradually extended the vote to women.

D

The settlement house and women's club movements were crucial centers of female progressive activity because they

a. provided literary and philosophical perspectives on social questions.

b. broke down the idea that women had special concerns as wives and mothers.

c. introduced many middle-class women to a broader array of urban social problems and civic concerns.

d. helped slum children learn to read Dante and Shakespeare.

e. became the launching pads for women seeking political office.

C

Which of the following was not among the issues addressed by women in the progressive movement?

a. Ending special regulations governing women in the workplace

b. Preventing child labor in factories and sweatshops

c. Ensuring that food products were healthy and safe

d. Attacking tuberculosis and other diseases bred in slum tenements

e. Creating child care subsidies for working mothers with preschool children

A

In Muller v. Oregon, the Supreme Court upheld the principle promoted by progressives like Florence Kelley and Louis Brandeis that

a. child labor under the age of fourteen should be prohibited.

b. the federal government should regulate occupational safety and health.

c. women's factory labor should be limited to ten hours a day five days a week.

d. female workers should receive equal pay for equal work.

e. female workers required special rules and protection on the job.

E

The public outcry after the horrible Triangle Shirtwaist fire led many states to pass

a. laws requiring mandatory fire escape for all businesses employing more than ten people.

b. laws prohibiting women from working in the needle trades.

c. antisweatshop and workers' compensation laws for job injuries.

d. zoning regulations governing where dangerous industrial factories could be located.

e. laws guaranteeing unions the right to raise safety concerns.

C

The case of Lochner v. New York represented a setback for progressives and labor advocates because in its ruling, the Supreme Court

a. declared a law limiting work to ten hours a day unconstitutional.

b. declared unconstitutional a law providing special protection for women workers.

c. declared that prohibiting child labor would require a constitutional amendment.

d. upheld the constitutionality of a law enabling business to fire labor organizers.

e. ruled that fire and safety regulations were local and not state or federal concerns.

A

Activists in the anti-liquor campaigns saw saloons and alcohol as intimately linked with

a. prostitution.

b. drunken voters.

c. crooked city officials, paid off by liquor companies.

d. All of these

e. None of these

D

The progressive-inspired city-manager system of government

a. brought democracy to urban dwellers.

b. was developed in Wisconsin.

c. was designed to remove politics from municipal administration.

d. made giant strides under the leadership of Hiram Johnson.

e. opened urban politics to new immigrants.

C

Progressive reform at the level of city government seemed to indicate that the progressives' highest priority was

a. democratic participation.

b. governmental efficiency.

c. free enterprise.

d. economic equality.

e. urban planning.

B

While president, Theodore Roosevelt chose to label his reform proposals as the

a. Fair Deal.

b. Big Deal.

c. Big Stick.

d. New Deal.

e. Square Deal.

E

As a part of his reform program, Teddy Roosevelt advocated all of the following except

a. guaranteed recognition of labor unions.

b. federal regulation of corporations.

c. consumer protection.

d. conservation of natural resources.

e. federal regulation of railroad rates and an end to shipping rebates.

A

Teddy Roosevelt helped to end the 1902 strike in the anthracite coal mines by

a. using the military to force the miners back to work.

b. passing legislation making the miners' union illegal.

c. helping the mine owners to import strike-breakers.

d. appealing to mine owners' and workers' sense of the public interest.

e. threatening to seize the mines and to operate them with federal troops.

E

The Elkins and Hepburn Acts were designed to

a. regulate municipal utilities and end private utility monopolies.

b. guarantee the purity of food and drugs.

c. provide federal protection for natural resources.

d. improve women's working conditions.

e. end corrupt and exploitative practices by the railroad trusts.

E

Teddy Roosevelt believed that large corporate trusts

a. had to all be busted up if the American economy were to thrive.

b. were essential to American national power and economic growth.

c. were simply too powerful to be broken up or regulated.

d. were bad only if they acted as monopolies against the public interest.

e. should be balanced by strong labor unions.

D

The real purpose of Teddy Roosevelt's assault on trusts was to

a. fragment the political power of big business.

b. prove that the democratic federal government, not private business, governed the United States.

c. halt the trend toward combination and integration in business.

d. establish himself as a bigger trustbuster than William Howard Taft.

e. inspire confidence in small business owners.

B

President Roosevelt believed that the federal government should adopt a policy of ____ trusts.

a. dissolving

b. ignoring

c. regulating

d. collusion with

e. monitoring

C

Passage of the Federal Meat Inspection Act was inspired by the publication of

a. Theodore Dreiser's The Titan.

b. Jack London's The Call of the Wild.

c. Henry Demarest Lloyd's Wealth Against Commonwealth.

d. Jacob Riis's How the Other Half Lives.

e. Upton Sinclair's The Jungle.

E

When Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle, he intended his book to focus attention on the

a. unsanitary conditions that existed in the meat-packing industry.

b. plight of workers in the stockyards and meat-packing industry.

c. corruption in the United States Senate.

d. deplorable conditions in the drug industry.

e. unhealthy effects of beef consumption.

B

The Newlands Act, passed under Theodore Roosevelt's administration, was designed to

a. restore abandoned toxic mining sites for agricultural use.

b. open new federal lands to sustainable forestry.

c. reclaim and irrigate unproductive lands.

d. provide protection for fragile western wilderness areas.

e. preserve clean water in the mountain West.

C

The first people to work toward preserving nature and the environment were

a. typically members of the upper classes.

b. Native Americans.

c. primarily women.

d. followers and supporters of Theodore Roosevelt.

e. cattle ranchers in the Dakotas.

A

According to the text, Teddy Roosevelt's most important and enduring achievement may have been

a. building the Panama Canal.

b. busting the corporate monopoly trusts.

c. mediating an end to the Russo-Japanese War.

d. conserving American resources and protecting the environment.

e. protecting the American consumer.

D

The multiple-use conservationists generally believed that

a. preserving scenic beauty and natural wonders was compatible with human activity.

b. the environment could be effectively protected without shutting it off to human use.

c. forests and rivers could be used for recreation but not for economic purposes.

d. federal lands should be divided into economically useful areas, recreational areas, and wilderness.

e. cattlemen, lumbermen, and farmers should all develop sustainable use policies.

B

The western preservationists suffered their worst political setback when

a. California refused to control suburban sprawl into fragile mountain and desert areas.

b. private developers were allowed to cut off public access to the Pacific Coast beaches.

c. the city of Los Angeles built canals to bring water from the Sierra Nevada Mountains.

d. the Yosemite National Park was opened to motor vehicles.

e. California's Hetch Hetchy Valley was dammed to supply water to San Francisco.

E

Teddy Roosevelt weakened himself politically after his election in 1904 when he

a. got into a quarrel with his popular secretary of war, William Taft.

b. refused to do anything in response to the Roosevelt Panic.

c. supported the Federal Reserve Act.

d. began to reduce his trust-busting activity.

e. announced that he would not be a candidate for a third term as president.

E

The Panic of 1907 exposed the need for substantial reform in

a. U.S. banking and currency policies.

b. tariff policies.

c. water and land-use protection.

d. the practice of corporate interlocking directorates.

e. Wall Street stock-trading

A

Theodore Roosevelt is probably most accurately described as a(n)

a. ardent defender of American individualism.

b. near-socialist.

c. middle-of-the-road reformer.

d. champion trustbuster.

e. political elitist.

C

While president, Theodore Roosevelt

a. enhanced the power and prestige of the presidency.

b. displayed little skill in getting his legislation through Congress.

c. relied more on insider political skills than on public opinion.

d. was highly popular with the business community.

e. held rigidly to ideological principles.

A

During his presidency, Teddy Roosevelt did all of the following except

a. expand presidential power.

b. shape the progressive movement.

c. aid the cause of the environment.

d. make the federal government a neutral force between business and labor.

e. substantially weaken corporate capitalism.

E

As president, William Howard Taft

a. was a good judge of public opinion.

b. held together the diverse wings of the Republican party.

c. was wedded more to the status quo than to progressive change.

d. adopted a confrontational attitude toward Congress.

e. carried on the legacy of Theodore Roosevelt.

C

The Supreme Court's rule of reason in antitrust law was handed down in a case involving

a. Northern Securities.

b. United States Steel.

c. General Electric.

d. Armour Meat-Packing.

e. Standard Oil.

E

Teddy Roosevelt decided to run for the presidency in 1912 because

a. William Howard Taft had seemed to discard Roosevelt's progressive policies.

b. Taft decided not to run for a second term.

c. Woodrow Wilson appeared to be a very strong Democratic candidate.

d. Senator Robert La Follette encouraged him to do so.

e. the Democratic party was split.

A

The Progressive Bull Moose party died when

a. Teddy Roosevelt refused to run as the party's presidential candidate in 1916.

b. Teddy Roosevelt lost the presidential race in 1916.

c. the United States entered World War I.

d. the Republican candidate, Charles Evans Hughes, advocated the same programs as Roosevelt.

e. Woodrow Wilson won over most Bull Moose voters.

A

When Woodrow Wilson won reelection in 1916, he received strong support from the

a. East Coast.

b. working class and former Progressive Bull Moose party members.

c. business community.

d. prowar members of both parties.

e. new women voters.

B

Historians attempting to define who the progressives were have reached all of the following (and varying) conclusions except

a. they were rabble-rousing foreigners who sought to change the American system.

b. they were middle-class people threatened by both the emerging power of corporations and the restless working class.

c. they were established business leaders who successfully directed reform to their own purposes.

d. they were members of a self-confident new group that saw science and technology as a way to rationalize and modernize social institutions.

e. they were women and feminists who sought to improve society via the creation of a welfare state.

A

Immediately before he was elected president in 1912, Woodrow Wilson had been serving as

a. a Presbyterian minister.

b. the governor of New Jersey.

c. a successful businessman.

d. the president of Yale University.

e. United States Senator from New Jersey.

B

As governor of New Jersey, Woodrow Wilson established a record as a

a. mild conservative.

b. reactionary.

c. man who could readily work with Democratic party bosses.

d. social radical.

e. passionate reformer.

E

In 1912, Woodrow Wilson ran for the presidency on a Democratic platform that included all of the following except a call for

a. antitrust legislation.

b. banking reform.

c. dollar diplomacy.

d. tariff reductions.

e. support for small business.

C

When Jane Addams placed Teddy Roosevelt's name in nomination for the presidency in 1912, it

a. demonstrated that the Republican party supported woman suffrage.

b. ensured Roosevelt's defeat by William Howard Taft.

c. symbolized the rising political status of women and the movement for social justice.

d. showed that Roosevelt had lost touch with public opinion.

e. weakened Roosevelt by linking him to Addams's pacifism.

C

Teddy Roosevelt's New Nationalism

a. pinned its economic faith on competition and the breakup of large monopolies.

b. opposed the growth of labor unions.

c. sought to raise tariffs to protect American industry.

d. supported a broad program of social welfare and government regulation of business.

e. favored state rather than federal government activism.

D

Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom

a. supported federal government ownership of railroads and utilities.

b. favored big business with accompanying federal regulation.

c. favored small enterprise, entrepreneurship, and the busting of monopolies.

d. was focused around working-class issues like unions and minimum-wage laws.

e. opposed banking and tariff reform.

C

The 1912 presidential election was notable because

a. it gave the voters a clear choice of political and economic philosophies.

b. personalities were the only issue of the campaign.

c. it was the first time women had the right to vote.

d. the Democratic party had split.

e. the fourth-party Socialists had a serious chance to win.

A

Match each 1912 presidential candidate below with his political party.

A. Woodrow Wilson

B. Theodore Roosevelt

C. William Howard Taft

D. Eugene V. Debs

1 Socialist

2 Democratic

3 Republican

4 Progressive

a. A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3

b. A-1, B-3, C-4, D-2

c. A-4, B-3, C-2, D-l

d. A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4

e. A-2, B-4, C-3, D-l

E

According to the text, the runaway philosophical winner in the 1912 election was

a. socialism.

b. progressivism.

c. conservatism.

d. capitalism.

e. feminism.

B

In 1912, Woodrow Wilson became the first ____ elected to the presidency since the Civil War.

a. person born in the South

b. Democrat

c. lawyer

d. non-Civil War veteran

e. Methodist

A

Woodrow Wilson was most comfortable when surrounded by

a. African Americans.

b. Catholics.

c. political professionals.

d. journalists.

e. academic scholars.

E

Woodrow Wilson's political philosophy included all of the following except

a. faith in the masses.

b. a belief that compromise was necessary to be an effective leader.

c. a belief that the president should provide leadership for Congress.

d. a belief that the president should appeal over the heads of legislators to the sovereign people.

e. a belief in the central importance of morality of politics.

B

To secure passage of the Underwood Tariff Bill, Woodrow broke new ground by

a. enlisting organized business groups to lobby for its passage.

b. personally presenting his case to Congress and arousing public opinion.

c. writing a book showing that high tariffs were harming the American economy.

d. stirring up western and southern regional hostility against the high-tariff East.

e. sending a team of economic experts to testify before Congress.

B

In 1913, Woodrow Wilson broke with a custom dating back to Jefferson's day when he

a. stopped having formal cabinet meetings.

b. appointed a black man to the Supreme Court.

c. endorsed woman suffrage.

d. personally delivered his presidential State of the Union address to Congress.

e. rode with his defeated predecessor to the inauguration.

D

When Woodrow Wilson became president in 1912, the most serious shortcoming in the country's financial structure was that

a. federal paper money was not backed by sound gold or silver.

b. unsound banks regularly issued inflated bank notes that had to serve as currency.

c. the banking system was too heavily regulated by the federal government.

d. the U.S. dollar was rigidly tied to gold.

e. money for lending was inelastic and heavily concentrated in New York City.

E

The Underwood Tariff Act and the Sixteenth Amendment reflected Wilson's progressive goals by

a. establishing the first graduated federal income tax.

b. creating an optional retirement system for workers.

c. guaranteeing equal treatment for men and women in employment.

d. using tariffs only for revenue and not to protect American industry from competition.

e. providing protection for American farmers against subsidized foreign crop imports.

A

The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 guaranteed a substantial measure of public control over the American banking and currency system through the great authority given to

a. the secretary of the treasury.

b. the president of the United States.

c. the House Ways and Means Committee and the Senate Banking Committee.

d. regional Federal Reserve banks.

e. the presidentially appointed Federal Reserve Board.

E

The Federal Reserve Act gave the Federal Reserve Board the authority to

a. issue paper money and increase or decrease the amount of money in circulation by altering interest rates.

b. close weak banks.

c. take the U.S. dollar off the gold standard.

d. collect income taxes directly from employees' paychecks.

e. guarantee individual banking deposits against bank failures.

A

The Federal Trade Commission was established in 1914 to address all of these practices except

a. eliminating unfair and discriminatory trade practices.

b. outlawing unfair business competition and bribery.

c. sale of stocks without full disclosure of a business's organization and profits.

d. prohibiting false and misleading advertising.

e. outlawing the mislabeling or adulterating of products.

C

The central provisions of the Clayton Anti-Trust Act

a. included trade unions under the antimonopoly provisions of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.

b. declared that no single corporation could control more than 75 percent of a given industry.

c. established minimum wage rates for goods produced in interstate commerce.

d. outlawed corporate interlocking directorates and price discrimination against different

e. exempted farm cooperatives from antitrust action.

D

Besides prohibiting anticompetitive business practices, the Clayton Anti-Trust Act broke new ground by

a. exempting labor unions and agricultural cooperatives from antitrust prosecution.

b. exempting organized major-league baseball from antitrust prosecution.

c. prohibiting colleges and universities from cooperating to establish tuition and fees.

d. permitting American businesses to form monopolies when operating overseas.

e. creating a federal incorporation law for large businesses.

A

Because of the benefits that it conferred on labor, Samuel Gompers called the ____ "labor's Magna Carta."

a. Federal Reserve Act

b. Underwood Tariff Act

c. Clayton Anti-Trust Act

d. Sixteenth Amendment

e. Workmen's Compensation Act

C

The first Jewish member of the United States Supreme Court, appointed by Woodrow Wilson, was

a. Felix Frankfurter.

b. Arsene Pujo.

c. Abraham Cahan.

d. Louis D. Brandeis.

e. Bernard Baruch.

D

Wilson's progressive programs provided relief to

a. sailors.

b. farmers and rural populations.

c. civil service workers.

d. All of these

e. None of these

D

Woodrow Wilson showed the limits of his progressivism by

a. opposing workingmen's compensation.

b. opposing the entry of women into politics.

c. vetoing the Federal Farm Loan Act.

d. refusing to appoint the Jewish Louis D. Brandeis to the Federal Trade Commission.

e. accelerating the segregation of blacks in the federal bureaucracy.

E