Cartilage and Bone Tissue

What is the term for extra bones within the joints (sutures) of the skull?

Wormian (or sutural) bones

What term describes a bone that forms in a tendon in response to stress as the tendons repeatedly move across a joint?

Sesamoid bone

What is the name of the sesamoid bone that develops during childhood at the anterior surface of each knee?

Patella

Why does mature cartilage not heal well when injured?

mature cartilage is avascular

What type of cartilage forms c-shaped rings around the trachea?

Hyaline cartilage

What function do the c-shaped hyaline cartilage rings around the trachea perform?

Keeps the airway open

What type of cartilage serves as pads between the vertebrae?

Fibrocartilage

What type of cartilage supports the external portion of the ear and in the epiglottis?

Elastic cartilage

What type of cartilage is found in the nose, trachea, portions of the larynx, bronchi, growth plates, and joints?

Hyaline cartilage

What type of cartilage is found at the sympheses of pubic bones?

Fibrocartilage

What type of cartilage is the most abundant and weakest in the body?

Hyaline

What type of cartilage supplies support, flexibility, and resilience, and has a translucent extracellular matrix?

Hyaline

What type of cartilage has thick collagen fibers that resist stretching and acts as a shock absorber?

Fibrocartilage

A c-shaped pad of what type of cartilage forms the menisci of each knee?

Fibrocartilage

What term describes the deposition of minerals into the bone matrix?

Calcification

What term describes the formation of blood cells?

Hematopoieisis (or hematogenesis)

Is active red bone marrow more prevalent in children or in adults?

Children - located in the spongy bone of most of the bones of the body

In adults, red bone marrow becomes inactive and turns into what?

Yellow bone marrow (fatty tissue)

Where is active red bone marrow found in an adult skeleton? (7 main areas)

Flat bones of the skull, Vertebrae, Ribs, Sternum, Ossa Coxae, Proximal epiphyses of the humerus’, and the proximal epiphyses of the femurs

What is the scientific name for the left and right bones of the pelvis?

Os Coxae (plural - ossa coxae)

What is the name of the hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells?

Erythropoietin

What organ produces erythropoietin?

Kidneys

What procedure would be used to help diagnose a disorder in blood cell formation?

Bone marrow biopsy

What type of bone marrow stores energy in the form of lipids/adipose tissue?

Yellow bone marrow

Where is yellow bone marrow found in mature adults?

Diaphysis of long bones

What are the four basic bone shapes?

Long, short, flat, and irregular

What bone shape are the bones of the wrist and ankle considered?

Short bones

What is the scientific term for the central shaft of a long bone?

Diaphysis

What is the scientific name for the hollow space within the diaphysis of a long bone?

Medullary Cavity

What is the name of the membrane that lines the medullary cavity of a long bone?

Endosteum

What is the scientific name for the knobby region at the end of each long bone?

Epiphysis

What is articulat cartilage?

Thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the surface of a joint

What is the scientific name for the dense sheath of irregular connective tissue that surrounds the outer surface of each long bone? (With the exception of areas covered by articulat cartilage)

Periosteum

What highly vascular layer of a long bone is responsible for growth in the width of the bone?

Periosteum

What layer of the bone interacts with muscles and tendons for attachment?

Periosteum

What is the scientific term for the region located between the eiphyses and diaphyses of each long bone in growing children?

Epiphyseal growth plate

What type of cartilage are epiphyseal growth plates composed of?

Hyaline cartilage

In what region of a long bone does rapid mitotic activity occur, leading to an increase in length of the bone?

Epiphyseal growth plate

What is the name of the hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates mitotic activity in the epiphyseal growth plates of long bones?

Somatotropin

What organ produces the hormone somatotropin?

Pituitary gland

In an adult when bone growth is completed, the growth plates of the long bones become ossified. This region is now referred to as ____?

Epiphyseal line

What is the name of the type of stem cell that can specialize into osteoblasts?

Osteoprogenitor cells

What is the name of the type of cell that secretes the initial semisolid form of the bone matrix (osteoid)?

Osteoblast

What is the name of the type of cell that develops from osteoblasts, and supports the bone matrix and detects mechanical stress in a bone?

Osteocyte

What is the name of the type of phagocytic cell that break down bone?

Osteoclast

What is the scientific term for the process of breaking down bone?

Osteolysis

Where is spongy bone found in a long bone?

The epiphyses

What is another word for “spongy bone?”

Cancellous bone

What term describes the unique arrangement of compact-spongy-compact bone in the flat bones of the skull?

Diploë

What are the two types of ossification?

Endochondrial and Intramembranous

What type of ossification involves an initial hyaline cartilage model that is gradually broken down and replaced by bone?

Endochondrial ossification

What type of ossification process produces the flat bones of the skull, zygomatic bone, maxillae, mandible, and the central part of the clavicle?

Intramembranous Ossification

What type of ossification process produces majority of the skeleton (upper and lower limbs, pelvis, vertebrae, and ends id the clavicles?)

Endochondrial Ossification

Why are children less likely to break bones than adults if injured?

Their bones aren’t fully ossified yet

What organic nutrient stimulates the absorption and transport of calcium and phosphate ions the blood for possible storage in the bone?

Vitamin D

What type of fracture involves an incomplete break with bowing?

Green stick fracture

What type of fracture involves the bone splintering into many pieces?

Comminuted fracture

What is the difference between a closed and an open (compound) fracture?

In an open (compound) fracture, the surface of the skin is broken

What is another word for an open fracture?

Compound fracture

What is a displaced fracture?

Fracture in which fragments are out of proper alignment

What type of fracture occurs almost exclusively in children?

Greenstick

What does it mean to “reduce” a bone in the healing process?

To align the bone in its proper position

What is the scientific name for the deep pits/sockets in the maxillae and mandible in which teeth are typically located?

Alveoli (singular - alveolus)

What term describes the gradual thinning and weakening of bone with age, resulting in insufficient ossification?

Osteopenia