Lab Ck 4: Respiratory and Digestion

Respiratory System

system that supplies body with oxygen and rids it of carbon dioxide waste

External nose

externally visible portion of the nose

• function=entrance of oxygen through nostrils

nasal cavity

internal portion of nose

• lined with mucosa and made of pseudostratified columnar epithelium

• bottom portion is formed by palates

• function=warm, filter, and moisten air and to act as a resonating chamber

nasal septum

separates the nostrils

• formed by vomer, ethmoid bone, and septal cartilage

nasal conchae

inside the nasal cavity

• comprised of superior, middle, and inferior

• function= warm, moisten, and filter air and increase surface area to trap large particles

pharynx

passageway for both air and food

• 3 subdivisions

nasopharynx

superior portion of the pharynx

• posterior to nasal cavity

• provides a passageway for air from nasal cavity

• has tonsils to protect from pathogens

laryngopharynx

extends from epiglottis to larynx

• function=passageway for air and swallowed foods

• includes tonsils to protect from pathogens

paranasal sinuses

surround the nasal cavity and are named for the bone in which they are located

• function= resonance chambers for speech and warm/moisten air

larynx

AKA voice box

• connects laryngopharynx to trachea

• function=air passageway, prevents food from entering lungs, voice production

trachea

AKA windpipe

• function= air passageway

• solid c shaped cartilage allow food to pass while maintaining open passageway

primary bronchi

where the trachea divides into 2, left and right bronchi

• right one is wider, shorter, and more vertical

bronchioles

branch off of bronchi

• passages less than 1 mm in diameter

• branch off even more

bronchial tree

continual branching of respiratory passageways of the lungs

alveoli

small balloon like expansions

• where gas exchange takes place

• made up of squamous epithelium

lungs (all lobes)

Right side: superior, middle, inferior

Left: superior, inferior

diaphragm

dome shaped muscle below the lungs that is essential to respiration

digestive system

provides the body with nutrients, water, and electrolytes needed for survival

• ingests, digests, absorbs, and eliminates

alimentary canal

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

gastrointestinal tract

AKA alimentary canal

accessory digestive organs

teeth, salivary glands, gallbladder, liver, and pancreas

oral cavity

AKA mouth

• mucus lined cavity

• teeth, tongue, salivary glands

mouth

AKA oral cavity

lips

protect anterior opening

cheeks

for the mouths lateral walls

palate

forms the “roof” or superior portion of the mouth

hard palate

anterior portion of palate

• harder due to bones being under it

soft palate

posterior portion of the palate

• no bone support

uvula

extension of the soft palate

• function= swallowing, saliva production, preventing food from entering nasal cavity

tongue

muscle in the base of the mouth

• function= speech, moving food while chewing,taste, swallowing

lingual frenulum

membrane that secures the tongue to the floor of the mouth

oral vestibule

space between the teeth and cheeks/lips

oral cavity

area that lies within the teeth and gums

tonsils

palatine tonsils: masses at the back of the mouth

lingual tonsils: back of the tounge

• immune functions

esophagus

extends from laryngopharynx to the gastroesophageal sphincter

• function= food passageway

• wavelike motions

stomach

temporary storage unit for food and a place where mechanical and physical breakdown occurs

• upper left quadrant

• contains hydrochloric acid to breakdown food

• viscous mucus secreted to protect stomach

lesser curvature

smaller curve of the stomach

greater curvature

larger curve of stomach

cardia

top area where food enters the stomach

fundus

upper dome shaped region of the stomach

body

large middle part of the stomach

pyloric antrum

wider superior portion of the pyloric part

pyloric sphincter

valve that controls the stomach emptying inro the small intestine

small intestine

long tube where almost all absorption takes place

• 3 subdivisions

duodenum

portion of small intestine that extends from pyloric sphincter to head of pancreas

jejunum

portion of small intestine that extends through most of the umbilical portion of the abdominal cavity

ileum

region of small intestine that is inferior and on the right of the abdominal cavity

• pubic region

bile duct

tube that carries bile

• area where bile enters the duodenum

microvilli

microscopic projections in the small intestine

• increases the absorption

villi

fingerlike projections in the small intestine

• on the mucosa tunic

• increases absorption

circular folds

deep folds in the mucosa and submucosa layers of the small intestine

• spiral chyme to mix and slow it

large intestine

extends from ileocecal valve to anus

• 3 subdivisions

cecum

first part of the large intestine

• absorbs fluids and lubricates waste

appendix

small finger like organ attached to the cecum of the large intestine

• lower right abdomen

colon

longest part of the large intestine

• absorbs water and some nutrients

rectum

final portion of the large intestine

anal canal

tube at the end of the rectum

• connects the rectum to the anus

ascending colon

first part of the colon located on the right side

• extends upward from cecum

transverse colon

part of colon that stretches across the abdomen, middle and longest part of the colon

descending colon

part of the colon that begins to descend, located on the left side

• descends into the sigmoid colon

sigmoid colon

final part of the colon that joins with the rectum

• pelvic region

anus

opening to the exterior of the body that excretes waste

teeth

accessory organ that mechanically begin digestion

incisor

chisel shaped

• best at shearing action used to bite

canines

cone shaped

• tearing food

premolars

2 cusps used to gride

molars

broad crowns with rounded cusps used to grind

dental formula

designates the numbers, types, and positions of teeth in one side of the jaw

salivary glands

glands that secrete saliva

• helps with digestion, swallowing, and oral health

parotoid glands

large glands anterior to the ear, ducting over the second upper molar

submandibular glands

medical aspect of the mandibular body in the floor of the mouth, ducting under the tounge to the base of lingual frenulum

sublingual glands

anterior to the floor of the mouth, empty under the tongue

liver

produces bile to breakdown fats

• common hepatic duct-bile duct

• inferior to the diaphragm, more the the right than to the left

gallbladder

small green sac inferior to the liver

• where bile backs into when digestion is not taking place

• cystic duct

pancreas

produces enzymes to neutralize the acidic chyme