Period 1

maize cultivation

The growing of corn, a staple crop for many NA societies before European contact

migration

Movement of people from one place to another, often over long distances

western hemisphere

Half of Earth including North and South America

colonization

Process of establishing control over foreign lands+people, often by settling them

eastern woodlands indians

Native peoples living in forests east of the Mississippi River

three sisters crops

Main crops of corn, beans, and squash were grown together by NA

Cahokia

Large, ancient NA city near present-day St. Louis, known for its earthen mounds

animisim

Belief that natural objects and the universe have spirits

Iroquois Confederacy /Great League of Peace

Powerful alliance of NA tribes in what's now NY state

Great Plains Indians

Native peoples who lived on grasslands b/t the Mississippi River/Rocky Mountains

Great Basin Indians

Native peoples living in dry area b/t Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mtns.

Southwest Indians

Native groups from the dry southwestern U.S., ex) Hopi, Pueblo

Chaco Canyon

Area in present-day New Mexico w/ ancient ruins built by Ancestral Puebloans.

Northwest Indians

Native peoples from the Pacific Northwest, known for fishing and totem poles

California Indians

diverse Native peoples who lived in what is now California

hunter-gatherer economy

way of life where people hunt animals and gather plants for food, instead of farming

pueblos

Villages of multi-story stone or adobe houses built by Native peoples of the Southwest

advanced irrigation systems

Techniques for bringing water to dry land to help crops grow, used by some Native societies

matrilineal ancestry

Tracing family and inheritance through the mother's side

"New World"

term used by Europeans for the Americas after their discovery

Bering Strait Migration

theory that early people came to the Americas from Asia by crossing a land bridge

Incas

powerful Native empire in South America, mainly in present-day Peru

Aztecs

large Native empire in central Mexico, famous for its capital, Tenochtitlán

reasons/motives for European exploration

Goals like finding new trade routes, gaining wealth, spreading religion, and seeking adventure

effects of smallpox

Deadly disease brought by Europeans that killed millions of Native Americans

subjugation

Forcing people to obey or be under control, often by conques

Portugeuse exploration

Voyages led by Portugal to explore and claim land along Africa and in the Americas

maritime inventions

New tools and technologies that helped ships travel farther, like the compass and caravel

Spanish Exploration

Journeys by Spain to conquer land in the Americas and claim wealth

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

The forced movement of Africans to the Americas to work as slaves

Christopher Columbus

The Italian explorer who sailed for Spain and reached the Americas in 1492

Encomienda System

Spanish system where colonists got land and could force Native Americans to work for them

plantation-based agriculture

Large farms growing cash crops, often using slave labor

caste system in Spanish colonies

social ranking based on race and birthplace in Spanish America

Mestizos

People of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry

Mulattos

People of mixed European and African ancestry

Columbian Exchange

transfer of plants, animals, people, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds after 1492

exchanges from old world to new world

Things like horses, cattle, wheat, and diseases were brought to the Americas by Europeans

exchanges from new world to old world

Crops like corn, potatoes, tomatoes, and horses were sent from the Americas to Europe

Chattel Slavery

system where people are treated as property to be bought and sold

slavery in perpetuity

Slavery that continues for life and is passed on to children

French Colonization

French efforts to settle and control parts of North America, especially Canada and Louisiana

Northwest Passage

A hoped-for water route through North America to Asia

Samuel de Champlain

French explorer who founded Quebec and helped colonize Canada

French Huguenots

French Protestants who tried to settle in the Americas for religious freedom

Henry Hudson

English explorer who looked for the Northwest Passage and explored parts of North America

New Netherlands

A Dutch colony in North America, later known as New York

Dutch relationship with the Natives

Generally focused on trade and alliances with Native peoples

Religious toleration with Dutch

Dutch colonies allowed people to practice different religions

Catholic Missions

Religious settlements where Catholics tried to convert Native Americans to Christianity

Pueblo Revolt/Pope's Revolt

A 1680 Native uprising in New Mexico against Spanish rule

Bartolome de Las Casas

A Spanish priest who spoke out against the mistreatment of Native Americans

Juan Gines de Sepulveda

A Spanish scholar who argued that Native Americans could be enslaved by Spaniards