PSY 497 Capstone Exam 3 (chapters 8-9)

What year was psychology born?

Psychology was born in 1879.

Who suggested that psychology has positively affected day-to-day life in 2002?

Steve Ward, a sociologist from Western Connecticut.

What term was used to describe psychology's pervasive role in society in 2004?

Psychologization.

What areas of life have benefited from psychological research aside from diagnosing mental disorders?

Workplace, courtroom, athletic performance, product design, and the space program.

What was the perception of psychologists in relation to physicians before WWI?

Psychologists were seen as subordinate to medical professionals and were not allowed to practice therapy in official settings.

Why are prisons called penitentiaries?

Prisons are called penitentiaries because they were designed to make inmates penitent for their crimes through isolation.

When did the penitentiary system end?

The penitentiary system ended in 1913.

What was 'shellshock'?

An anxiety disorder resulting from exposure to the horrors of war, causing soldiers to dysfunction.

What term did shellshock evolve into during WWII?

Battle fatigue.

What major development occurred as a result of shellshock during WWI?

The need for psychologists to identify and treat affected soldiers.

What is humanistic psychology known for?

Emphasizing self-actualization and personal growth.

Who is known for introducing the hierarchy of needs?

Abraham Maslow.

What did Hans Eysenck find regarding traditional psychotherapy in 1952?

He found it largely ineffective compared to no treatment.

What is an algorithmic approach in clinical psychology?

Using a statistical method to reach clinical diagnoses, which is more reliable than clinical judgment alone.

What are the two major problems with the Woodworth Personal Data Sheet?

1. Items were intuitively chosen without validation. 2. Assumed honest responses from participants.

What solutions were suggested to reduce social desirability bias in psychological testing?

Ensure anonymity, use subtler questions, and employ other assessment formats like projective tests.

Which test became known as the first personality test?

The Woodworth Personal Data Sheet.

What does 'empirical verification' mean in the context of the scientific method?

Testing hypotheses to determine if they hold up under scrutiny.

What is confirmation bias?

The tendency to notice and respond to evidence that supports existing beliefs while ignoring contradictory evidence.

What did Karl Popper emphasize about scientific theories?

Scientific theories should be testable and capable of being proven false.

What is the hypothetico-deductive method?

A method involving formulating a theory, rigorously testing it, and attempting to falsify it.

What did Thomas Kuhn theorize about scientific progress?

He proposed that scientific progress happens through paradigm shifts rather than gradual accumulation.

What are the hallmarks of pseudoscience?

Lack of controlled comparisons, reliance on anecdotal evidence, and a failure to adhere to the scientific method.

What is the significance of the h-index in science?

It measures the impact of research and reflects the productivity of scientists.