Male Repro Part 2

Pheromones

Chemical signals involved in sexual responses and communication between animals.

Bitch pheromone

Methyl p-hydroxybenzoate present in vaginal secretion and described in the module as the “male dog attractant.”

Methyl p-hydroxybenzoate

Compound that can sexually arouse male dogs and cause them to attempt mounting when applied to the vulvas of anestrous or spayed females.

Bull pheromones

Exposure of heifers to bull urine causes them to reach puberty earlier.

Ram pheromones

The smell of a ram causes follicular development and ovulation in ewes.

Ram effect

Stimulation of non-cycling ewes to ovulate by the sudden introduction of a novel ram.

Flehmen reaction

A form of intra-species communication involving the vomeronasal organ.

Vomeronasal organ

Organ involved in the Flehmen reaction and detection of chemical signals.

Copulation

Another term for sexual intercourse; different animals have specific terms for their particular act of copulation.

Tying or knotting

Specific term used in the module for the act of copulation in an animal.

Covering

Specific term used in the module for the act of copulation in an animal.

Serving

Specific term used in the module for the act of copulation in an animal.

Coupling

Specific term used in the module for the act of copulation in an animal.

Tupping

Specific term used in the module for the act of copulation in an animal.

Requirements for male copulation

Erection and ejaculation.

Erection

Physiological process necessary for copulation and semen deposition.

Control of erection

Erection is controlled by the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

Types of penis

Vascular (musculocavernous) penis and fibroelastic penis.

Vascular or musculocavernous penis

Type of penis identified in the module as one of the two major types.

Fibroelastic penis

Type of penis identified in the module as one of the two major types.

Ejaculation

The release of sperm cells and seminal plasma from the male reproductive system.

Two phases of ejaculation

Emission and ejaculation proper.

Emission

The movement of semen to the urethra.

Ejaculation proper

The propulsion of semen out of the urethra at the time of orgasm.

Semen

Combination of a cellular component and a fluid component.

Cellular component of semen

Spermatozoa.

Fluid component of semen

Seminal plasma.

Seminal plasma

The fluid component of semen.

Epididymis

Structure where sperm undergo maturation and are stored.

Caput and corpus of epididymis

Regions involved in sperm maturation and secretion of substances for sperm quiescence.

Cauda of epididymis

Region involved in sperm storage and associated with forward motility protein.

Forward motility protein

Protein associated with the cauda of the epididymis in the module.

Male accessory sex glands

Glands that contribute secretions to the semen.

Accessory sex glands listed in the module

Seminal vesicle, prostate gland, Cowper’s gland, ampullary gland, and coagulating gland.

Seminal vesicle

Accessory sex gland that mainly secretes fructose, the major energy source, and is rich in inositol, ergothioneine, and ascorbic acid.

Fructose

Mainly secreted by the seminal vesicle and serves as a major energy source.

Inositol

Substance found in high amounts in seminal vesicle secretion and converted to fructose.

Ergothioneine

Substance present in large amounts in seminal vesicle secretion.

Ascorbic acid

Substance in which seminal vesicle secretion is rich.

Prostate gland

Accessory sex gland in which zinc is concentrated and which also secretes fructose, citric acid, cholesterol, and proteins.

Zinc in the prostate

Concentrated in the prostate gland; protects the sperm membrane and is a component of carbonic anhydrase.

Prostatic secretions

Fructose, citric acid, cholesterol, and proteins.

Proteolytic enzymes in prostate

Enzymes identified as being present in the prostate gland.

Cowper’s gland

Accessory sex gland that prepares the urethra for ejaculation, rinses urine from the urethra, and raises its pH.

Functions of Cowper’s gland

Prepare the urethra for ejaculation; rinse urine from the urethra and raise pH; contribute to vaginal plug formation in rodents.

Ampullary gland

Accessory sex gland involved in formation of the vaginal plug in rodents.

Coagulating gland

Accessory sex gland involved in formation of the vaginal plug in rodents.

Vaginal plug

A structure whose formation in rodents is contributed to by the Cowper’s, ampullary, and coagulating glands.

Accessory sex glands of the dog

Prostate gland and ampullary gland.

Accessory sex glands of the tom

Cowper’s gland and prostate gland.

Accessory sex glands of the boar

Seminal vesicle, Cowper’s gland, and prostate gland.

Accessory sex glands of the stallion

Seminal vesicle, Cowper’s gland, prostate gland, and ampullary gland.

Accessory sex glands of the bull

Seminal vesicle, Cowper’s gland, prostate gland, and ampullary gland.

Accessory sex glands of the ram

Seminal vesicle, Cowper’s gland, prostate gland, and ampullary gland.

Accessory sex glands of the buck

Seminal vesicle, Cowper’s gland, prostate gland, and ampullary gland.

Accessory sex glands of rats and mice

Seminal vesicle, Cowper’s gland, prostate gland, ampullary gland, and coagulating gland.

Accessory sex glands of the guinea pig

Seminal vesicle, Cowper’s gland, prostate gland, and coagulating gland.

Accessory sex glands of the rabbit

Seminal vesicle, Cowper’s gland, prostate gland, ampullary gland, and coagulating gland.

Spermatozoa

Mature male reproductive cells consisting of a head and a tail with specialized structures.

Head of spermatozoon

Part of the spermatozoon containing the nucleus and acrosome.

Acrosome

Structure located in the head of the spermatozoon.

Nucleus of spermatozoon

Structure located within the head of the spermatozoon.

Neck of spermatozoon

Region connecting the head and the tail of the spermatozoon.

Centriole

Structure identified in the spermatozoon near the neck.

Middle piece of spermatozoon

Part of the spermatozoon containing mitochondria surrounding the axoneme.

Mitochondria in spermatozoa

Mitochondria surrounding the axoneme in the proximal portion of the tail, forming the body of the tail.

Tail of spermatozoon

Flagellum responsible for the movement of the spermatozoon.

Plasma membrane of spermatozoon

Thin cell membrane covering the axoneme.

Axoneme

Central skeleton of the spermatozoon constructed of microtubules and similar in structure to the axoneme of cilia.

Body of the tail

Proximal portion of the sperm tail where mitochondria surround the axoneme.

Principal piece

Part of the spermatozoon tail shown in the module between the midpiece and endpiece.

Endpiece

Terminal portion of the spermatozoon tail.

Connecting piece

Region of the spermatozoon shown between the head and midpiece.

Microtubule doublets

Microtubule structures shown in the cross-section of the spermatozoon axoneme.

Radial spokes

Structures shown extending from the microtubule arrangement toward the center of the axoneme.

Dynein arms

Structures associated with the microtubule doublets of the spermatozoon axoneme.

Microtubule central pair

Central pair of microtubules shown within the spermatozoon axoneme.

Bull ejaculate volume

4.0 mL, with a range of 2.0–10.0 mL.

Ram ejaculate volume

1.0 mL, with a range of 0.7–2.0 mL.

Goat ejaculate volume

0.80–0.98 mL.

Stallion ejaculate volume

70 mL, with a range of 30–300 mL.

Boar ejaculate volume

250 mL, with a range of 150–500 mL.

Dog ejaculate volume

6.0 mL, with a range of 2.0–16.0 mL.

Cat ejaculate volume

0.06 mL, with a range of 0.03–0.09 mL.

Llama ejaculate volume

1.7 mL, with a range of 0.4–4.3 mL.

Bull sperm concentration

1000 million spermatozoa/mL, with a range of 300–2000 million/mL.

Ram sperm concentration

3000 million spermatozoa/mL, with a range of 2000–5000 million/mL.

Goat sperm concentration

2940–3330 million spermatozoa/mL.

Stallion sperm concentration

120 million spermatozoa/mL, with a range of 30–800 million/mL.

Boar sperm concentration

100 million spermatozoa/mL, with a range of 25–300 million/mL.

Dog sperm concentration

65 million spermatozoa/mL, with a range of 10–300 million/mL.

Cat sperm concentration

Not provided in the module table.

Llama sperm concentration

0.35–0.60 million spermatozoa/mL.

Bull total spermatozoa per ejaculate

4000 million, with a range of 2000–12000 million.

Ram total spermatozoa per ejaculate

3000 million, with a range of 2000–11000 million.

Goat total spermatozoa per ejaculate

2352–3263 million.

Stallion total spermatozoa per ejaculate

8400 million, with a range of 3600–13000 million.

Boar total spermatozoa per ejaculate

25000 million, with a range of 15000–50000 million.

Dog total spermatozoa per ejaculate

390 million, with a range of 50–3000 million.

Cat total spermatozoa per ejaculate

61 million, with a range of 22–117 million.