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occurs when the indigenous microbiota prevents the establishment of arriving pathogens by occupying space and consuming nutrients.
microbial antagonism
What are some ways microbes compete in microbial antagonism?
Microbes compete for colonization sites, nutrients, and produce substances that can kill other bacteria.
What is the second line of defense in the immune system?
The second line of defense involves nonspecific cellular and chemical responses, including fever, interferons, the complement system, inflammation, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis.
What are pyrogens and where can they originate?
Pyrogens are substances that stimulate the production of fever. They can originate inside the body (e.g., interleukin 1) or outside the body (e.g., pathogens producing endotoxins).
How does fever help in fighting infections?
Fever helps by stimulating white blood cells to destroy invaders, reducing available free plasma iron to limit pathogen growth, and inducing the production of IL-1, which activates lymphocytes for the immune response.
What are the detrimental effects of fever?
The detrimental effects of fever include increased heart rate, metabolic rate, caloric demand, and dehydration.
What are interferons and their role in the immune system?
Interferons are small antiviral proteins produced by virus-infected cells that interfere with viral replication. (Warns neighboring cells)
What are the three types of interferons and where are they produced?
Alpha-interferon: produced by B lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages.
Beta-interferon: produced by fibroblasts and other virus-infected cells.
Gamma-interferon: produced by activated T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
What is opsonization?
Opsonization is a process that facilitates phagocytosis by depositing opsonins (help immune cells recognize and tag foreign particles for easy phacytosis)
What is the complement system and what is its primary function?
The complement system consists of about 30 proteins in plasma that enhance the immune response, including opsonization, inflammation amplification, phagocyte attraction, leukocyte activation, bacterial lysis, and increased phagocytosis
What are cytokines and what role do they play in the immune system?
Cytokines are chemical mediators released by cells to enable communication between cells. They act as messengers that recruit phagocytes to locations where they are needed for immune responses.
is the body’s response to injury, infection, or irritation, involving vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, and accumulation of leukocytes at the site of injury
INFLAMMATION
Purpose of inflammation
to localize infection and promote healing
What are the 3 major events in inflammation?
Vasodilation
Increased capillary permeability
Accumulation of leukocytes at the site of injury
What are the 4 cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation?
Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain
Which two groups of phagocytes are most important in phagocytosis?
Macrophages
Neutrophils
What is the function of basophils?
Basophils have dark violet to purplish-blue granules, increase during allergic reactions and inflammation, and contain histamine.
What is the role of eosinophils in the immune response?
Eosinophils have bright orange granules and increase during allergic reactions and parasitic infections. They also contain histamine.
What are the characteristics of neutrophils, and when do they increase?
Neutrophils have purple-pink granules, are polymorphonuclear cells, phagocytic, and abundant in pus. Their numbers increase during bacterial infections.
is a group of macrophages found in tissues such as the liver (Kupffer cells), spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, lungs (alveolar cells), blood vessels, intestines, and brain (microglia).
reticuloendothelial system
What is the role of lymphocytes in the immune system?
Lymphocytes, which have a blue nucleus, increase during viral infections and are involved in specific immune responses.
What is the role of monocytes in the immune system?
Monocytes are larger white blood cells that develop into macrophages, which are responsible for inflammatory reactions.
