bio test

What do you think dehydration means?

it means that you lack water, and that you need to drink water to get hydrated

What do you think dehydrated food is?

Food that doesn't contain any water, the food is dried out.

What is the chemical formula for glucose?

C6H12O6

How many atoms does the glucose formula have? How many elements?

24 atoms; 3 elements

What is the valence of oxygen?

6

What is the valence of hydrogen?

1

How did the valence of each element help you determine the structure of the glucose molecule?

The number of vacancies helped me because I knew how many bonds it could create.

Complex Biomolecules?

is any biological complex made of more than one molecule of protein, RNA, DNA, lipids, or carbohydrates. The interactions between these biomolecules are non-covalent.

Carbon forms the backbone of every major type of biological molecule, including carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids. How does carbon's high valence relate to its ability to form these large and complex biomolecules?

Due to carbon's high valence it can create bonds which creates large and complex biomolecules.

What does the prefix mono mean? Di?

one; two

If two monosaccharides bond together, they form a carbohydrate called a

disaccharide

What happens during the process of two monosaccharides combining?

An H2O molecule will separate from the structure

What is the formula for the disaccharide since a water molecule has separated?

C12H22O11 + H2O

What happens during dehydration synthesis?

The H2O molecule left, causing the structure to be dehydrated

A polysaccharide is made up of how many monosaccharides?

3 or more

What happens during the process of hydrolysis?

It is the opposite of dehydration synthesis where a water molecule is added to a structure to BREAK up a disaccharide or polysaccharide.

What is important and needed for hydrolysis to occur?

water

Carbohydrates

main source of energy

EX: breads, pastas, sugars, fruits, rice, wheats

Cellulose is a sugar because...

Cellulose is a...

- it ends in "ose"

- polysaccharide

C6H12O6 is...

- glucose

- a sugar and carbohydrate

- formula for glucose

glucose comes from plants (photosynthesis)

mono + mono =

disaccharide

mono + mono + mono + mono =

polysaccharide

Mitochondira

makes ATP (energy)

Special word for hydrolysis?

Special word for dehydration synthesis?

breaking; building

What are monomers?

small building blocks of polymers

What is a saccharide?

sugar

Ratio for identifying a carbohydrate?

1:2:1

Carbon: Hydrogen: Oxygen

Cellulose is...

a polysaccharide used for cell structure

C12H22O11 is...

a disaccharide after dehydration synthesis

Starch is a polymer of...

glucose

Hydrolysis is the process of...

breaking down by adding water

What is organic chemistry?

the study of carbon compounds

How are carbon atoms unique?

They have four valence electrons, allowing them to form strong covalent bonds with many other elements

What are macromolecules?

Large organic compounds in living cells

Describe the process of polymerization?

Large compounds are built by joining smaller molecules. The smaller units, or monomers, bond together to form larger molecules called polymers

What is the main function of carbohydrates?

Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy

What is the difference between a monosaccharide and a polysaccharide?

Monosaccharide: simple sugars

Polysaccharide: most abundant carbohydrate found in food

Glycogen

a polysaccharide that is stored in the liver and musceles of animals when there are excess glucose molecules

Plant Starch

a polysaccharide made up of two other polysaccharides: amylose and amylopectin, which are both polymers of glucose

What are three functions of lipids?

1) long term energy

2) provide insulation to the body

3) form part of the cell membrane

Saturated fatty acids?

contain a single chemical bond between two carbon atoms and tend to be solid at room temperature

Unsaturated fatty acids?

contain at least one double bond between carbon atoms, and fatty acids that contain more than one double carbon-carbon double bond called polyunsaturated fatty acids

Identify and describe the type of lipid that makes up the cell membrane.

Phospholipids: has a hydrophilic, water loving head, and two hydrophobic, water fearing tails.

What are some functions of proteins?

Some proteins are enzymes that control the rate of reactions in metabolism and regulate cell processes. Other proteins may form important cellular structures, transport substances in organisms, act as hormones to help maintain homeostasis, and protect the body from foreign substances

What is the function of nucleic acid?

capturing and transferring chemical energy

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

nucleotides

Monomers of carbohydrates are called?

monosaccharides

Nucleic acids contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and...

phospherous

(?) are a type of protein that control the rate of reaction in metabolism and regulate cell processes

Enzymes

(?) are hydrophobic lipids that prevent water from sticking to organisms and other substances

Waxes

Atoms of the element (?) are unique because they have 4 valence electrons that allow them to form strong covalent bonds with other elements

carbon

(?) are energy rich macromolecules used for long term energy storage.

Lipids

Monomers bond together to form larger molecules called

monosaccharides

Nucleotides contain a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a (?) base

nitrogenous

Compounds that contain carbon covalently linked to other compounds, such as hydrogen, are called (?)

organic compounds

All proteins are made up of monomers called (?)

amino acids

(?) is a polysaccharide found in fungal cell walls and the exoskeletons of insects

chitin

(?) fatty acids tend to be solid at room temperature

saturated

A nucleic acid called (?) captures and transfers chemical energy

RNA

Macromolecules are formed by the process of...

polymerization

The complete, 3-dimensional arrangement of polypeptide chain is called the (?) structure

tertiary

How do you make a lipid?

One glycerol, three fatty acids

Are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

hydrophobic

Difference between saturated and unsaturated?

Saturated: full, no carbon-carbon double bonds

Unsaturated: not full, has at least one carbon-carbon double bond

Why do fats contain so much energy?

because lipids have larger numbers of carbon-hydrogen bonds per gram than the other organic compounds, they store more energy per gram. Energy is stored in the bonds, and when he bonds break, the energy is released (cellular respiration)

What does this show?

C12H22O11 + H2O >>>>> C6H12O6 + C6H12O6

Hydrolysis

What does this show?

C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 >>>>>>>> C12H22O11 + H2O

REACTANTS^ (raw materials) PRODUCTS^

dehydration synthesis

Why is the sequence of amino acids so important for a protein?

- It affects its shape

- Shape effects its function

- Amino acids are held together by polypeptides

Why is protein shape so important for its function?

- nearly all proteins must recognize and bind to some other molecule to function

- the dependence of protein function on a protein's shape becomes clear when a protein is altered

- if a protein doesn't fold correctly, many diseases such as Alzheimers and Parkinson's involve an accumulation of misfolded proteins

- such diseases reinforce the important correlation between structure and function

Primary Structure?

the precise sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain

Each amino acid has a specific (?) group

"R"

Polypeptide Backbone

Repeating sequence of atoms (-N-C-C-) that forms the core of a protein molecule and to which the amino acid side chains are attached.

Secondary Structure

segments of the chain then coil or fold into local patterns

What are the two types of secondary structures?

- Alpha Helix

- Beta Pleated Sheet

Tertiary Structure

the overall three-dimensional shape of a protein

Quaternary Structure-

proteins with more than one polypeptide chain

What makes up an amino acid? (4 things)

carboxyl group, amino group, "R" group, single hydrogen

T OR F?

Proteins will still work if there is a slight change in their shape

FALSE: