AP Exam 2 Summary (Not lect 1)

Pelvic Girdle

• Consists of two ___ bones, called ___ bones or ___ bones

• Each hip bone consists of 3 fused bones (I, I, P)

Pelvic Girdle - 2 hip bones, called Coxal or pelvic bones, each hip bone consists of Ilium, Ischium, Pubis

Female Pelvis compared to male pelvis

• It is ____, ____, and ____

• It’s markings are less _____

• It’s Iliac fossa is more ____.

• It’s pelvic outlet is _____.

• It has a ____ obturator foramen

Female pelvis is

• broader, smoother lighter

• less prominent markings

• iliac fossa is more shallow

• pelvic outlet is wider

• triangular obturator foramen

Pelvis consists of the 2 hip bones ____ and ____

sacrum and coccyx

Ilium 4 parts (4)

1. Greater sciatic notch

2. Arcuate line

3. Iliac crest

4. Iliac fossa

Ischium 3 parts (3)

1. Ischial Spine

2. Ischial Tuberosity

3. Ischial ramus

Pubis 4 parts (4)

1. Inferior pubic ramus

2. superior pubic ramus

3. pubic sympthasis

4. obturator foramen

The bones of the pelvis enclose the pelvic cavity, and include the ____ pelvis, and the ___ pelvis

true pelvis and false pelvis

perineum forms floor of _____ cavity and supports organs in ___ pelvis

perineum = floor of pelvic cavity

• supports organs of true pelvis

during childbirth, fetus passes through the:

pelvic outlet

the longest and heaviest bone in the body is the

femur

Femur is made up of the Head (_______) and the _____. (joins shaft at angle of 125 degrees)

Femur = head (epiphysis) and neck

Patella is a large ____ bone

sesamoid

The bones of the leg are the ____ and ____, and are bound togther by _____ membrane

bones of leg = fibula and tibia

bound together by interossous membrane

The shinbone (medial)

Tibia

The lateral bone of the leg is the

Fibula

Head of fibula articulates with

tibia

medial weight bearing bone of the leg is

Tibia

Ankle consists of ___ tarsal bones

7

What is the largest tarsal bone?

Calcaneus (heel bone)

Bones of the ankle include (7)

1. Talus

2. Calcaneus

3. Cuboid

4. Navicular

5. Medial, Lateral, and Intermediate Cuneiform

Meta tarsals, ___ long bones of foot number I-V medial to lateral

5 long bones of foot

Phalanges

• __ bones of toes (how many total in 1 foot here)

• How many phalanges does Hallux have?

• How many phalanges does other 4 bones have?

14 bones

hallux has 2 phalanges, other 4 toes have 3 phalanges

Pec girdle/Shoulder girdle connects to axial skeleton at ____.

Each girdle consists of

• one ___

• one ____

Pec Girdle/Shoulder girdle connects to axial skeleton at manibrium

Each girdle consists of one scapula and one clavicle

Skeletons of upper limbs include (4)

1. arms

2. forearms

3. wrists

4. hans

The only bone in the arm going from scapula to elbow is

humerus

Forearm (antebrachium) has 2 long bones, the lateral ____ and the medial _____.

Forearm has lateral radius and medial ulna.

How many carpal bones are there in wrist an hand?

How many are proximal, and how many are distal?

8 carpal bones, 4 proximal, 4 distal

What are the proximal carpal bones? (4) (SLTP)

1. Scaphoid

2. Lunate

3. Triquetrum

4. Pisiform

What are the distal carpal bones? (4)

1. Trapeizum

2. Trapezoid

3. Capitate

4. Hamate

Vertebral column has a total of X bones, X vertebrae, and the ___ and ___.

26 bones, 24 vertebrae, sacrum and coccyx

Thoracic and Sacral curves are (3)

Primary/Accomodation curves

present during fetal development

accomodate internal organs

Cervical and lumbar curves

when do they appear]]]who do they do to BW and what does it allow

Secondary curves/compensatory curves

appear after birth

shift body weight to permit upright posture

3 vertebral parts

1. verteral body

2. vertebral arch

3. articular processes

IV discs are made of

pads of fibrocartilage

c1 articulates with ___, l5 with ___.

c1 articulates with skull, l5 with sacrum

Atlas (C1)

• articulates with ___ ____ of skull

• has no ___ or ___ process

atlast articulates with occipital condyles of skull

has no body or spinous process

Axis articulates with ____

Axis has heavy ___ process to attatch muscles of head and neck

• bodies of axis and atlas fuse to form …

Axis articlates with atlas

Axis has heavy spinous process to attatch muscles of head and neck

Axis + Atlas bodies fuse to form dens

The vertebrae prominens is which vertebrae?

Where does it lead to?

Vert prominens = C7, leads to thoracic

These vertebrae are heart shaped, an have long slender spinous processes

Thoracic

T1 to T8 articulate with how many pairs of ribs?

2 pairs

T9-T11 articulate with how many pairs or ribs each?

1

Which thoracic vertebrae have thick transverse processes?

T1 - T10

Rib pairs 1-10 contact what?

Costal and Transverse coastal facets

T10-T12 transition to the

Lumbar vert

The largest vertebrae, that is oval shaped, and has a triangular vertebral foramen

Lumbar vert L1-L5

What does L5 articulate with?

Sacrum

What does sacrum articulate with?

Coccyx

The sacrum in ____ is more ____.

Sacrum is more curved in males

What attatches the axial skeleton to the pelvic girdle?

sacrum

This portion of the vertebrae protects reproductive, urinary, and digestive organs

Sacrum

How many sacral vertebrae make up the sacrum?

5

How many portions of Coccygeal vertebrae are there?

3-5

Thoracic cage includes (4)

1. Thoracic vertebrae

2. Coastal cartilage

3. Ribs

4. Sternum

The thoracic cage protects organs of cavity including (3)

Heart, lungs and thymus

What forms the rib cage? (2)

Ribs and sternum

Which portion of vertebrae is responislbe for breathing, mantaining position of vertebral column, and moving pect. girdle?

Thoracic cage

How many pairs of ribs are there?

12

Ribs extend from ____ vertebrae

Thoracic

Ribs 1-7 are ___ ribs aka _____ ribs, and connect to the sternum via…

Ribs 1-7 = true ribs

Vertebrosternal ribs

Connect to ribs via coastal cartilage

Ribs 8-12 are ____ ribs, that don’t directly attach to..

Ribs 8-12 are false, don’t attatch directly to sternum

Ribs 8-10 (False ribs) are called _____ ribs.

Vertebrochondrial ribs, fused by coastal cartilage.

Ribs 11-12 are called ____/____ ribs, and have no connection to ____, connecting only to ____ and ____ of body wall.

Ribs 11/12 are Floating/Vertebral ribs, no connection to sternum, connect only to vertebrae and muscles of body wall.

Strucures of ribs include (4)

1. Head (capitilum)

2. Neck

3. Tubercle

4. Tubular body/shaft

The Tubular body of Ribs attatches muscles of ____ girdle and ____

and ____ muscles that move ribs

Tubular body/shaft of ribs

• attatches muscles of pect girdle to the trunk

• Intercoastal muscles that mvoer ribs

What are the 3 parts of the sternum/breastbone?

1. Mandible

2. Body

3. Xiphoid process

The Body of the sternum is

1. ____ shaped

2. Attatches to the ______

3. Attatches to coastal cartilage of rib pairs X-Y

Sternal body

1. Tongue shaped

2. Attatches to manubrium

3. Attaches to coastal cartilage rib pairs 2-7

The Xiphoid process of the sternum is

1. _____ part of sternum

2. Attatches to ____ body

3. Attatches to ____ and ___ ____ muscle

1. Smallest part of sternum

2. attatches to sternal boy

3. attatches to diaphram and rectus abd. muscle

The body of sternum consists of ____ bones

4

What is the last part of the sternum to develop that is easily broken?

Xiphoid process

Irregular bones are foundin (2)

1. spinal vert

2. pelvic girdle

short bones found in (2)

carpal bones, tarsal bones

flat bones found in (4)

bones of skull roof, sternum, ribs, and scapula

These bones are found between flat bones of skull and vary among people

Sutural bones

These bones are found in the tendons of joints, on knees, hands and feets. i.e patella

Sesamoid bones

Bone marking projections are where….

Muscles tendons and ligaments attatch at articulations with other bones

Openings and depressions are for the passage of ___ ____ and ____.

Openings and depressions are for blood vessels and nerves

Long Bone

Diaphysis wall is made of ___ ____. It has a central space called…

The Epihysis is the wide part at each end, made mostly of ___bone/___ bone.

The diaphysis and epiphysis meet at the…

Long bone

• diaphysis wall is made of compact bone, with central space of medullary/marrow cavity

• Epiphysis is wide part at each end made mostly of spongy bone/trabechular bone

• Dipahysis and epiphysis meet at metaphysis

Parietal bones of the skull are considered what bones?

Flat bones

The layer of spongy bone in the cranium is called the…

Diploe

Cortex is another term for

compact bone

Canaliculi are passageways that allow exchange of..

Nutrients, wastes and gas

Why is the matrix of bone dense?

due to deposits of calcium salts

Osteocytes are found inside _____, organized around blood vessels

lacunae

What makes up 2/3 of bone mass

calcium phosphate

A bone lacking a calcified matrix looks normal, but is very..

Flexible

Calcium phosphate interacts with calcium hyroxide to make crystals of

Hydroxypatite

1/3 of bone mass is what matrix protein?

Collagen fibers

Bone cells make up what % of BM?

2%

osteogenic cells

ob

oc

osteocytes

Where are Osteogenic cells found? (2)

Inner cell layer of Periosteum and Endosteum

These bone cells assist in fracture repair

Osteogenic cells

What bone cells make new bone matrix in osteogenesis?

Osteoblast

A matrix made by osteoblasts that hasn’t yet calcified

Osteoid

Osteoblasts surrounded by bone matrix become…

Osteocytes

Osteocytes mantain ___ and ___ content of matrix and repair damaged bones

protein and min

Osteolysis from Osteoclasts through secreting acids and protein digesting enzymes from these large multinuclated OC is important for…

Homeostasis

Osteoclasts are derived from stem cells that make

monocytes and macrophages

What are Lamellae?

Where are Concentric lamellae found?

Where are Interstitial lamellae found?

Where are Circumferential lamellae found?

Lamellae are layers of BM

• Concentric Lam: Around central canal

• Interstitial Lam: Fill spaces between osteons

• Circumferential Lam: At inner/outer bone surfaces

An osteon is a ___ ___ of compact bone

funct. unit

What carries blood vessels and nutrients to the deep bone marrow?

Perpendicular Perforating canals