PSYC 2301 Exam #2 Review

operant conditioning

a type of learning in which the consequences of behavior are manipulated so as to increase or decrease the frequency of an existing response or to shape an entirely new response

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ reward and punishment

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ voluntary behavior

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ based on the law of effect

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ differs in the "extinction" compared to classical conditioning as well

classical conditioning

a type of learning through which an organism learns to associate one stimulus with another

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ associating one stimulus with another

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ discovered by ivan pavlov while trying to see how dogs salivated to different foods

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ dogs would start salivating before food was even presented

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ "psychic secretions"

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ argued that the number of times stimulus would be paired together determined how strong response was

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ used in phobias, advertising, drug and alcohol use and diet drinks

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ involuntary behaviors like salivation, flinching, etc.

./ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ differs in the "extinction" to operant conditioning as well

pavlovs dog experiment

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ unconditioned stimulus - the food

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ unconditioned response - salivating at the food

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ conditioned stimulus - the bell

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ conditioned response - salivating at the bell

conditioned stimuli

a neutral stimulus that, after repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, becomes associated with it and elicits a conditioned response

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ stimuli that was conditioned to cause a response

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ was neutral at first

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ after pairing it with an unconditioned stimulus causes an unconditioned response

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ the bell being rung when dog was getting food

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ conditioned and learned

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ the "cause"

conditioned response

the learned response that comes to be elicited by a conditioned stimulus as a result of its repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ response that was conditioned by a conditioned stimulus

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ didn't exist before the conditioned stimuli

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ salivating at just hearing the bell thats the conditioned stimulus

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ conditioned and learned

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ the "effect"

unconditioned stimuli

a stimulus that elicits a specific unconditioned response without prior learning

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ stimulus that causes a response without learning it

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ unconditioned and unlearned

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ the "cause"

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ food, loud noises, light in eye, puff of air in eye

unconditioned response

a response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ response to an unconditioned stimulus without being learned or conditioned

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ unconditioned and unlearned

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ the "effect"

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ salivating at food, startled at loud noises, pupil contracting at light in eye, blinking at puff of air in eye

shaping

an operant conditioning technique that consists of gradually molding a desired behavior (response) by reinforcing any movement in the direction of the desired response, thereby gradually guiding the responses toward the ultimate goal

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ technique of operant conditioning to get organism to do complex behavior

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ quicker than waiting for animal to show that behavior naturally and then rewarding it (operant conditioning)

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ rewarding them as they approximate what you desire

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ rewarding dog for first putting paws in air

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ then only rewarding them for doing a quarter turn

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ then only rewarding them after doing half turn

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ done until they eventually do a full turn

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ stop rewarding behavior that was previously rewarded as they get closer to desired behavior

mnemonic devices

strategies for enhancing long-term memory

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ testing effect

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ method of loci

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ peg word method

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ key word method

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ first letter technique

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ narrative chaining

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ hierarchy

fixed interval schedule

a schedule in which a reinforcer is given following the first correct response after a specific period of time had elapsed

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ reward after a fixed amount of time

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ getting paid every 7 days or every month

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ leads to a scalloping curve

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ behavior is increased days before but then declines after

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ studying days before test but not studying after

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ getting rewarded based on an amount of time that has passed that is the same all the time

fixed ratio schedule

a schedule in which a reinforcer is given after a fixed number of correct, noreinforced responses

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ reward after fixed number of times behavior is shown

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ giving $1 every 5 times you make the bed

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ will continue doing it even after reward stops

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ good for learning

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ slow extinction

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ steep learning curve

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ getting rewarded for the number of times a behavior is shown after the same amount of times its shown

variable interval schedule

a schedule in which a reinforcer is given after the first correct response that follows a varying time of nonreinforcement, based on an average time

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ rewarded after a variable amount of time

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ usually has an average but isn't a fixed number

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ behavior is stable and continues because you don't know when specifically you're getting rewarded and it's coming up

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ pop quizzes

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ getting rewarded based on an amount of time that has passed that is different all the time

variable ratio schedule

a schedule in which a reinforcer is given after a varying number of non-reinforced responses, based on an average ratio

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ reward after a number of times behavior is shown but a variable number of times

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ usually has an average but isn't a fixed number

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ slot and gambling machines

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ leads to gambling addictions because of the reinforcement that is given after a random amount of plays

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ hardest to extinguish

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ steep learning curve

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ getting rewarded for the number of times a behavior is shown after a varying amount of times its shown

ways to study

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ with a study group

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ a little everyday

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ not cramming because of proactive interference that builds up and doesn't make it past short term memory

heuristic

a rule of thumb that is derived from experience and used in decision making and problem solving, even though there is no guarantee of its accuracy or usefulness

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ rule of thumb

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ shortcuts

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ faster but doesn't guarantee a correct solution

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ solving crossword puzzles and putting a after q

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ finding friend in crowd and just looking at one specific area they usually sit in

algorithm

a systematic, step-by-step procedure, such as a mathematical formula, that guarantees a solution to a problem of a certain type if applied appropriately and executed properly

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ guarantees correct answer

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ slower and takes longer

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ math problems

skinner box

a soundproof chamber with a device for delivering food to an animal subject ; used in operant conditioning experiments

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ cage where rats could push lever and food hoppers would get activated, giving them a food pellet

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ much faster than thorndike's law of effect experiment where cat is also in a box

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ not manual

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ experimenter just has to occasionally refill pellets and clean cage

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ on computer so results are quicker

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ can have multiple rats doing an experiment at the same time

ill defined problems

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ no clear way to go about it and may have a lot of first moves

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ aren't well defined

convergent problems

narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ problems where you need to narrow down all the possible solutions to the one thats the best

secondary reinforcers

a reinforcer that is acquired or learned through association with other reinforcers

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ anything else that isn't primary reinforcer

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ a reinforcer that links back to a primary reinforcer

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ money letting us buy food and water

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ good grades letting you get a better job with more money that'll let you fulfill the primary reinforcers

phobias

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ caused by one bad learned experience

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ treated with systematic desensitization ; classical conditioning for phobias

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ pairing up phobia and unconditioned stimuli gradually until the phobia no longer causes negative feelings

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ can also be treated through behavior modification ; operant conditioning for phobias

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ modified through being taught relaxation techniques and everyday the phobia getting closer and closer until they can eventually be near it

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ used for irrational phobias towards stimuli that one shouldn't be having a negative reaction to

encoding specificity principle

the tendency to encode elements of the physical setting in which information is learned along with memory of the information itself

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ also called context effect

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ performing best on tests in the room you learnt the information

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ retrieving is better if it happens in similar situations than when you encoded it in

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ studying for multiple choice for a multiple choice test and studying for an essay like an essay

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ must match

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ scuba divers doing better tested underwater if they learnt information underwater and on land if the learnt information in land

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ forgetting what you came into a room for and then remembering when you go back to the original room you were in

learning

a relatively permanent change in behavior, knowledge, capability, or attitude that is acquired through experience and cannot be attributed to illness, injury, or maturation

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ not caused by maturing

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ isnt instinctive or a reflex like learning how to walk

magic number

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ the 7 +- 2 (5-9) items that can be stored in short term memory

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ had to be amended to 7 +- 2 (5-9) items or chunks that can be stored in short term memory

state dependent memory

the tendency to recall information better if one is in the same pharmacological or psychological state as when the information was encoded

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ doing better on a test if you studied drunk and take it drunk

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ or if you studied high and take it high

information processing model

model of memory that assumes the processing of information for memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory in a series of three stages

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ atkinson and shiffrin

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ 3 different types of memories with 3 types of characteristics for each

long term memory

the memory system with a virtually unlimited capacity that contains vast stores of a person's permanent or relatively permanent memories

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ also called secondary memory (william james)

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ storehouse of knowledge

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ unlimited capacity and grows as needed

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ lasts as long as you live

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ may forget at moment but then remember time after

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ forgetting caused by not being able to put finger in it at that moment

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ can be semantic or episodic

short term memory

the component of the memory system that holds about seven (from five to nine) items for less than 30 seconds without rehearsal ; also called working memory

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ also known as primary memory (william james)

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ whats in your mind at any given time

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ constantly flowing and changing

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ limited capacity compared to sensory memory

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ magic number of 7 +- 2 (5-9) items that can be stored in short term memory

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ had to be amended to 7 +- 2 (5-9) items or chunks that can be stored in short term memory

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ only lasts 7-9 seconds if not rehearsed

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ no difference due to forgetting compared to sensory memory

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ forgetting caused by interference

flashbulb memory

memories for shocking, emotion-provoking events that include information about the source from which the information was acquired

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ memories of shocking events

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ are very detailed and can remember small things that happened that day and what they were doing when they happened

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ jfks death, 911

episodic memory

the type of declarative memory that records events as they have been subjectively experienced

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ unique to you

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ episodes of your life

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ day to day experiences

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ easier to forget

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ type of long term memory

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ episodes or events stored

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ acquired through the sense organs

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ in order of events

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ more emotional

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ take long time to remember

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ also called autobiographical memories

semantic memory

the type of declarative memory that stores general knowledge or objective facts and information

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ common knowledge

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ language, facts, etc

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ harder to forget

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ type of long term memory

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ factual information and concepts

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ acquired through learning and comprehension

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ shorter time to remember

insight problems

the sudden realization of the relationship between elements in a problem situation, which makes the solution apparent

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ answer comes suddenly

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ problems that you don't feel like are making progress and are instead breaking your head

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ hard to figure out when you'll be done

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ wolfgang kohler

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ got chimpanzees and cage and had boxes around them

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ couldn't figure out what to do

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ suddenly realized they could just stack boxes instead

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ 9 dot problem

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ penny problem

bottleneck theory

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ theory of selective attention

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ donald broadbent

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ early selective method

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ thought that it was about cramming as much information in as possible without processing it at all

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ thought it worked as a funnel that moved as the sound moved direction and couldn't move fast enough

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ border patrol letting anyone in to cram as many people as possible all at once without processing it first

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ got proven wrong

storage

the process of keeping or maintaining information in memory

encoding

the process of transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory

retrieval

the process of bringing to mind information that has been stored in memory

eyewitness testimony of elizabeth loftus

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ thought that misleading information after an event affects memory of it

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ thought that memory could be reconstructed based on how a question is phrased

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ a vs the in a question can change answer ; "a" being more ambiguous and "the" being more concrete

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ believed that the verbs used can affect the speeds that people thought cars were going after a car crash ; "smashed" with 40 mph and "contacted" with 32 mph

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ people who predicted higher speeds were also more likely to think broken glass was heard because higher speed car crash usually has broken glass

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ memory open to suggestions and can be falsely constructed

interference

a cause of forgetting that occurs because information or associations stored either before or after a given memory hinder the ability to remember it

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ brown and peterson task

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ distractor tasks interfering with ability to remember something

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ can be retroactive or proactive

proactive interference

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ future information gets forgotten because of past information

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ meeting julie and then judy but can't remember judy because of julie

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ build up can cause forgetting (fruits, fruits, fruits) and release can make it easier to remember (fruits, fruits, careers)

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ future gets interfered

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ reason you shouldn't cram

sperling's partial-report experiment

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ george sperling

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ tested iconic memory

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ was the same as the whole report technique

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ except after the image was shown and they were presented with the white image they were played a tone

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ low tone meant they had to name the letters in the bottom row

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ mid tone meant they had to name the letters in the middle row

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ high tone meant they had to name the letters in the top row

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ counted it as a representative sample of how well they would've done with all the 12 letters

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ had better results

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ proved that visual memory has a huge capacity but only for 1-2 seconds that was caused by decay which is forgetting as time goes on

functional fixedness

the failure to use familiar objects in novel ways to solve problems because of a tendency to view objects only in terms of their customary functions

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ hinders problem solving

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ being fixated and stuck on the normal function of objects

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ wrench not used as pendulum but using it as a pendulum being the correct option

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ box with thumbtacks vs box without thumbtacks inside

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ people presented with the box without thumbtacks inside didn't have functional fixedness and used it for other purposes

cocktail party phenomenon

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ are at a party and hear your name and pay attention to that conversation

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ no one else turns around except you

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ proves bottleneck theory wrong in the sense that you are analyzing information

generalization

in classical conditioning, the tendency to make a conditioned response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ making a conditioned response to a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ dog salivating at a different bell

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ the farther away from the original the less the response or salivation

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ treating similar stimuli similar

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ little albert experiment

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ rewarding behavior that's related and similar to the behavior that you wish to condition in operant conditioning

discrimination

the learned ability to distinguish between similar stimuli so that the conditioned response occurs only to the original conditioned stimulus but not to similar stimuli

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ telling 2 stimuli apart

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ discriminating between bells because of their tone

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ the farther away the more likely to discriminate

levels of processing theory

the memory model that describes maintenance rehearsal as "shallow" processing and elaborative rehearsal as "deep" processing

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ craik and tulving

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ competes with the information processing model of memory

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ thinks that memory isnt as black and white

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ dont believe theres 3 types of memories

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ based on how well information is processed instead

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ believe that deeper processing is what causes long term memory through elaborative reherarsal

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ believe that shallow processing is what causes short term memory through maintenance rehearsal

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ was tested with 3 groups having 3 different incidental tasks where they werent asked to memorize but incidentally memorized some words

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ the deeper the processing required for words were (writing sentences, pink group) the more words remembered

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ the shallower the processing required for words were (scratching out e's, blue group) the less words remembered

negative reinforcement

the termination of an unpleasant condition after a response, which increases the probability that the response will be repeated

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ stopping unpleasant stimuli that'll make you continue doing the behavior

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ increases rate of behavior

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ stopping shocking, stopping humiliation, stopping anything negative every time you do a behavior

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ removing a negative or bad stimulus

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ increases rate of behavior

puff of air

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ unconditioned stimulus

chunking

a memory strategy that involves grouping or organizing bits of information into larger units, which are easier to remember

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ violates short term memory

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ rearranging things in meaningful units and concepts instead of separate items and letters

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ led to the amendment of the magic number

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ chess professionals being able to reproduce a board better than chess novices by chunking it based on offenses and defenses

/ᐠ. .ᐟ\ฅ not being able to reproduce a board better than chess novices if its violating the rules of chess