AP World History - Unit 7: Global Conflict

When was the Russian Revolution?

1917

What caused the Russian Revolution?

Economy was bad after WWI, Peasants (lower/poor class of people) were upset with how Czar Nicholas II failed to help them with their problems. The people wanted a change in government.

What events caused the Russian Revolution?

- Bloody Sunday - tsar's troops killed peaceful protests wanting better working conditions

- Revolution of 1905 - workers refused to work, tsar killed, injured, or exiled them

- Russo-Japanese War - Russia was defeated

- World War I - Troops were poorly trained and civilians suffered from food shortages

What were the effects of the Russian Revolution?

- Bolsheviks, under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin, set up a communist government

- Communism: workers would own the means of production as collective ownership and collective prosperity. They abolished free trade, peasants' crops were distributed to feed urban workers, and the government took ownership of the country's factories and heavy industries.

- However, they had Minimum wages, universal healthcare, rights for women, and freedom

- The New Economic Policy allowed for some private industrialization

Then Stalin maintained order for socialism

What was the biggest change that occurred after the Russian Revolution?

The biggest changes were that politically, Russia became the first example of communists running a large country. Furthermore, there was a new system of economy since everything was owned by the government. Adding on, citizens could govern in the government more than tsars or the aristocracy.

What things did not change despite the Russian Revolution?

Rather than the tsar, the government was controlled by a dictator. People still did not get better living conditions despite new economic policies.

When was the Chinese Revolution against the Qing?

1911

What caused the Chinese Revolution?

- ethnic tension (Han didn't like the Qing)

- famine (droughts or flood could bring death)

- low government revenues (low taxes, so they're unable to maintain roads, bridges, and irrigation canals)

- Europe economic takeover of the Qing Dynasty

- didn't industrialize fast enough

- revolutions like the Taiping revolution

poor economy and conflict

What were the effects of the Chinese Revolution?

-Sun Yat-sen believed in sovereignty which was governed by pragmatic experts

- Patriotism and loyalty to the country and central authority

- end extreme unequal distribution of wealth and harsh economic exploitation

- expel foreign capitalists

- Yuan Shikai's corruption

- Warlord period during the 1900s

What was the biggest change that occurred during the Chinese Revolution?

The biggest changes were that it ended the Qing Dynasty and Manchu ethnic rule of China. It led to a new sovereignty which was ruled in the name of the people rather than a monarchy.

What things did not change despite the Chinese Revolution?

Confucianism is still an important component of the country in order to promote social harmony. Furthermore, it almost went back to an imperial dynasty despite people wanting to make a republic.

When was the Mexican Revolution?

1910

What caused the Mexican Revolution?

The Mexican Revolution was caused by turmoil between military leaders and wealthy landowners, and peasants having no say in government matters.

- Porfirio Diaz, dictator, had strong arm policies, accommodated foreign powers, and opposed land reform

- Francisco Madero was jailed, then escaped to defeat Mexican force

What were the effects of the Mexican Revolution?

- Carranza became president

- new constitution

- minimum wage for workers

- government took Church's land

- the Institutional Revolutionary Party was created (PRI)

What were the biggest changes that occurred due to the Mexican Revolution?

The biggest change was that Mexico had more stability because of a new constitution that promised land reform, universal suffrage, and public education from a dictatorship.

Why was the Ottoman Empire called "The sick man of Europe" by the start of the 20th century? What were its weaknesses?

The Ottoman Empire was called "the sick man of Europe" because it had few exports and a weak agricultural economy since it relied on trade. This meant it was unable to compete with its neighbors like Egypt who were able to profit from cotton.

What were the goals of the Young Turks? Why did their goals offend some?

The Young Turks wanted a constitution in the Ottoman Empire like the Europeans. They also wanted the Empire to identify as Turks, which offended some because the Empire had Armenians who were also Christian, which opposed Turkic Islamic culture.

Which side did the Ottoman Empire join in World War I? Why?

The Ottoman sided with Germany because the Europeans put trade privileges that were unprofitable for the Ottomans, especially since the Ottomans relied on trade, so they allied with Germany because of resentment. However, Germany lost and the Ottoman Empire was dismantled.

Who was Attaturk?

He was a Turk who established the Republic of Turkey from the British in 1923, and he wanted to make the nation like a Western democracy. However, he was unable to make Turkey a secular nation as a dictator.

What were the long term causes of WWI?

MAIN: Militarism, Alliances (Triple Alliance, Central Powers), Imperialism, Nationalism (Ottoman Empire and Austro-Hungarian Empire had nationalist movements, Serbs/Arabs fought for Allies)

What ultimately started WWI?

Nationalism and the identification for one nation played a large role into the start of World War I. The assassination of Franz Ferdinand of Austria catapulted into a war across Europe that lasted until 1918.

What were the effects of WWI?

Social:

-10 million soldiers killed, 20 million wounded

-Millions of civilians die from war from famine and disease

-Legacy of hatred, intolerance, and extreme nationalism

Economic:

-War cost, $350 billion

-International trade suffered

-Communists take control in Russia

-Even victorious countries stay in a bad economic shape

Political:

- Russia, Austria-Hungary, Germany, and the Ottoman Empire monarchies fell

- Map of Europe and the Middle East were redrawn

- Germany lost overseas colonies and Ottoman provinces were lost because of Britain and France

- Power shift from Europe to United States

- Authoritarian regimes that led to a greater world war

What is total war?

"Total War" is when countries mobilize their troops and weapons, refuse to compromise with other countries until they win, civilians become soldiers, and there is a total control of society.

How did total war mobilize and blur the lines between civilians and soldiers?

- Volunteer and forced military service

- Industries produced weapons and war supplies

- New military technology

- Conscription into military service

How did total war lead to complete destruction of the enemy?

- Hague conventions of 1899 and 1907 on the conduct of warfare

- Germany using poison gas, although a war crime

- Lands were flooded and anything that proved useful to the enemy were destroyed

- Rejection of compromise

- Large weapons for destruction

How did total war lead to the complete control of society?

- Local economies and ecosystems were transformed to fit military needs

- Censoring of the press and government propaganda

- Laws and rules that restricted local minority communities

- State intrusion into the private lives of people

- Regulation of how food was produced and distributed

Why was WWI a total war?

Because there was a complete mobilization of all resources and people that affected the lives of all citizens in warring countries.

- governments became a lot more powerful, controlling the economy through planned economies, basically directly controlling the economy and denying people basic rights, i.e. freedom of the press, speech, etc.

-economic controls, the governments took control of their economies to try to help the war, through this, it affected what people could buy or the quantity

-manipulation of public opinion, many countries used propaganda in order to make sure that people supported the war, like demonizing the other country to make sure people didn't feel bad for them.

Who formed the Central Powers?

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire

Who formed the Entente Powers?

France, Russia, Portugal, Belgium, Serbia, Italy, and Britain then Japan, the United States, and Brazil

What were the European causes for WWI?

- Tensions in the Balkan Peninsula

- Disputes over Alsace and Lorraine

- Military and navy fears of Germany

What were the global motivations for WWI?

- Countries wanted to gain territories

- Germany wanted Ottoman territories

- Japan wanted Russian colonies

What were the technology used in WWI?

Trench Warfare, Tanks, Planes, Guns, Flamethrowers, Submarines, Chemical Warfare

What does interwar mean?

end of WWI and beginning of WWII

What economic issue did Germany face in the interwar years? Why? How did this affect other nations?

Germany suffered hugely since they had to owe the Allied nations billions of dollars through their loss, so they printed money which led to inflation. This affected other nations because Germany's monetary value was so low, so other countries had a harder time repaying debts.

What caused the Great Depression?

The Great Depression was caused by the United States' stock market crash and agricultural overproduction.

How did the ideas of John Maynard Keynes represent a move away from Laissez Faire economics?

using deficit spending in which the government spends more than it takes in so that there is more economic activity with low taxes and increased spending

What was Franklin Roosevelt's plan to end the depression?

Franklin Roosevelt implemented the New Deal, which brought relief to those who were suffering like the poor, unemployed, minority, etc. It also brought recovery through government spending. There was also reform to government policies to prevent another Depression.

What was Lenin's New Economic Policy?

Lenin abandoned war communism in favor of his New Economic Policy (NEP) it was a modified version of the old capitalist system. Peasants were allowed to sell their produce openly, retail stores and small industries could be privately owned and operated. Large industry and banks remained in the hands of the government.

What changes did Stalin make to the Soviet Economy?

Stalin took control over the Politburo and made himself a dictator, which he instituted the Five-Year Plan to make the USSR (or Soviet Union) into an industrial power. He collectivized agriculture by taking land from farmers and giving it to the collective. The kolkhoz were peasants who worked on a specific collective issued by the government.

What were the results of Stalin's policies?

Stalin's policies about the collectivization of land made farmers angry especially since all the food was being sent to cities. However, heavy industry grew with factory jobs and lower costs of living. Those who disagreed with him were sent to gulags where many died.

What is fascism?

A political movement that promotes an extreme form of nationalism, a denial of individual rights, and a dictatorial one-party rule. They used violence to justify their actions to achieve their goals. They were anticommunist and relied on extreme nationalism, military and armed struggle, blamed problems on ethnic minorities, and suppressed political parties, protests, and trade unions.

What is corporatism?

government controlled economic blocks

Who was Mussolini?

Fascist leader of Italy

How do the events of the Spanish Civil war foreshadow the events of World War II?

The left wing Popular Front was elected and they were called Republicans or Loyalists defending against the Nationalists led by Francisco Franco. This foreshadowed the events of WWII because the Nationalists were supported by Germany and Italy, who used planes to bomb northern Spain.

What was the mandate system?

distributing former German and Ottoman territories among the victorious powers after WW1 to be administered under League of Nation supervision

How did the Mandate system, imposed upon former territories of the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East and in former German colonies in Africa and Asia differ from this?

The mandate system differed in the former territories of the Ottoman empire because Austria-Hungary was part of a white Europe, while colonies in Africa and Asia were different because they were believed they needed help from "advanced" nations to survive, which was used to justify colonialism since they were not white. Thus, the Allied countries could gain more by imperialism.

Why did the Germans turn against the Weimar Republic?

The Germans turned against the Weimar Republic because they thought it was too weak since there was unemployment and the Treaty of Versailles weakened them.

What were the beliefs of the National Socialist German Workers Party?

The Nationalist Socialist German Workers Party believed in ultra-nationalism and scientific racism, as well as anti-Semitism against Jews and blamed them for the nation's problems. They wanted a pure German state of "Aryans" so that the non-Aryans could not corrupt the state.

What were the Nuremberg Laws?

They excluded Jews from German citizenship and forbade marriages between Jews and Germans

Who were the members of the Axis powers? What beliefs did these nations share?

The members of the Axis powers were Germany, Italy (the Rome-Berlin Axis) and then Japan. These nations shared a common political ideology and shared economic interests. They were anti-communist.

What happened on Kristallnacht?

Jewish businesses, homes, and synagogues in Germany were violently attacked

What was the appeasement policy?

Prime Minister Chamberlain's (Britain) attempt at appeasing the demands of belligerent powers in order to avoid another war.

What was the Anschluss?

Union of Austria and Germany

Why was the Munich conference held? What agreements were made here? Were these agreements successful in stopping Nazi expansion?

The Munich conference was held with the leaders of Britain, France, and Italy in Munich to discuss Germany's demands. Germany wanted to annex Sudetenland since most of the people there were German so they could acquire more land. They allowed Germany to take over Sudetenland if they did not take over any more Czech territory. However, the agreements were not successful since Hitler went ahead and seized all of Czechoslovakia anyway.

What was the German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact?

The German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact was made so that Germany and the Soviet Union would not attack one another since Britain and France were looking to the Soviet Union for help against Germany.

What event started World War II in Europe?

Hitler invaded Poland

How did WWII start in Asia?

Japanese invasion of Manchuria and China

Why did Japan attack the United States?

The United States was interfering with Japan's plan to expand its empire. United States put sanctions against Japan from imperializing China, and Japan relied on oil and scrap iron from the United States, so this threatened their economy as well as Japan's military expansion.

What was Blitzkrieg?

"lightning war," using planes, tanks and trucks

What war goals were outlined by Roosevelt and Churchill in the Atlantic Charter?

Roosevelt and Churchill's goals were to provide those with self-determination and self-government for those who wanted it, abandon the use of force, and disarm aggressive nations from using force.

What was Hitler's goal in the Battle of Britain? How did he try to accomplish this?

Hitler wanted to weaken Britain so they could invade Britain. This utilized the force of the Luftwaffe, or the German air force, and initially targeted military bases. Later, he targeted cities and civilians after the British started attacking Berlin.

What Pacific territories did Japan attack in December 1941? How did these attacks escalate the war?

Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, which destroyed the U.S Pacific fleet. They also attacked the Philippines, Dutch East Indies, British Malaya, and other Pacific Islands. These attacks escalated the war because the U.S, Great Britain, and China declared war against Japanese aggression which made it into a global world war.

Describe how the war affected the American home front.

The war affected the American homefront because while they did not have any threats of a military attack, their industry was prepared for war by producing tanks, planes, ships, etc. Also, they enlisted men in the army and women in factories and offices.

Describe how the war affected the German home front

The war affected the German home front because the Germans used forced labor to draft them into the wartime workforce. However, it was counterproductive since they were treated so badly.

Describe how the war affected the Japanese home front.

The war affected the Japanese home front because unlike other countries, they did not draft women into the war, which they took pride in. Furthermore, they moved citizens in the cities away from bombings and they were successful in food rationing.

What was the technology that was crucial to American victory in the Pacific?

Aircraft carriers allowed planes to take off and land on their decks at sea, which provided air support for battleships and increased the range and flexibility of air forces. They could be used to raid enemy ships and used to collect intelligence. Submarines also helped Americans sink Japanese merchant fleet, which damaged supply lines.

What ended WWII in Japan?

Americans dropped a nuclear bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki which forced Japan to surrender.

What ended WWII in Europe?

the United States aided the Allies in defeating the Axis Powers by attacking the Germans in D-Day then helping liberate the rest of Europe.

Who was Heinrich Heimler?

Heinrich Heimler led the S.S., the Nazi police, to remove many Slavic people and Gypsies from their homes. He also forced residents to work in labor camps and sent many political opponents, people with disabilities, and gay people to labor camps.

Describe the activities of the Japanese in occupied territories.

The Japanese forced people they occupied to work in labor programs, and women in these territories became "comfort women". Many prisoners of war and workers died because of forced labor.

What was the Armenian Genocide?

When Ottoman government accused the Armenians of supporting the Russians and used these allegations to kill 1 million Armenians

What was the Cambodian Genocide?

The Cambodian genocide was the systematic persecution and killing of Cambodians by the Khmer Rouge under the leadership of Communist Party general secretary Pol Pot, who radically pushed Cambodia towards communism.

What was the Rwandan Genocide?

Hutus and Tutsis were ethnic groups that functioned as classes and had a political function who during the belgian colonial period were used to serve under colonial rule- framed as races, ethnic identity cards were issued and an apartheid-like system was established; In late 50's early 60's Hutus rebelled and imposed their own apartheid-like system; the genocide occurred after the Hutu leader signed a peace accord with the Tutsis rebel force; Hutus killed 800,000 Tutsis in 100 days; UN peacekeeping force was unable to to protect the Tutsis so they abandoned them; US and UN avoided calling it a genocide so they wouldn't have to get involved

What is happening in Darfur, Sudan?

the government under Omar al-Bashir may favor the Arab population over the African population, thus leading to militant groups like the the Janjawid to kill many African civilians. This is because Omar al-Bashir is prob-Arab and pro-Islamic, thus his government may have contributed to the murders. However, the government did not do anything following the violence despite claiming that they were not involved in the killings of many Africans. For this reason, historians may consider this a genocide because the government denies the genocide while seeming to have the intent to kill the African ethnic group.

What is happening to the Uighurs in China?

The Chinese government has denied any of these re-education camps taking place. The government involvement of putting people in re-education camps in cruel conditions suggests that this is a genocide in progress because they are targeting a specific ethnic group being the Uighurs and persecuting them, leading to many deaths. It is still in progress because there hasn't been a whole-scale murder of the group, but there is certainly discrimination and removing them from society that is taking place.

Who are the Uighurs? How are they culturally and ethnically different from the Han Chinese?

Uighurs are China's Muslim minority. They are culturally different than the Han Chinese because they speak a Turkic language and their own unique culture, and they are ethnically different because they are located West of China, making them closer to Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan

Why in China concerned about losing the Xinjiang province (where the Uighurs live)

China is concerned about losing the Xinjiang province because it is rich with energy resources like coal reserves and oil and gas. It also accounts for wind energy.

Describe the practices in the "de-extremification" camps in China.

The practices of the de-extremification camps were that Uighurs were forced to memorize communist propaganda and criticize their own Islamic beliefs and beliefs of other detainees.

What does China claim is the purpose of the "de-extremification" camps?

China claims that the purpose of these camps was that they wanted to re-educate them from their "extremist thinking". They were training schools for potential terrorists

How might have WWII been a causation factor for the Civil Rights Movement (for greater gender and racial equality)?

The war might have been a causation factor because women were encouraged to take jobs once taken by men since men went to war, so women did jobs like operators and pilots, which could've caused the Civil Rights movement because women had a large role in the war which benefited society so it makes sense to give them equality in other aspects.