Intro to the immune system

Protective (against microbes) or aberrant (anutoimmune)

What general immune responses can occur

Microbes, macromolecules, and metals

What can the immune response respond to

Any substance that induces a specific adaptive immune response

What is an antigen

Primary and secondary response

What are the encounters of immune response

The immune systems first encounter with a antigen

What is the primary immune response

The immune systems second encounter with the same antigen

What is the secondary immune response

The innate immunity (neutrophils and macrophages)

During infection, what aspect of the immune response is most important

Neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages

What cells are involved in innate immunity

Block microbe entry and signal for adaptive immunity

What is the function of innate immunity

Always present, no antigen specific, has no memory

What are the main characteristics of innate immunity

Requires differentiation of lymphocytes, antigen specific, and has memory

What are the main characteristics of adaptive immunity

T and B cells

What cells make up adaptive immunity

Humoral immunity and cell mediated immunity

What are the main types of adaptive immune responses

B cells that produce antibodies that bind to antigens

What is humoral immunity

When T cells are activated by cells that has an intracellular microbe

What is cell mediated immunity

When B cells produces antibody, and antigen bind to the antibody, causes the B cells with that antigen to multiply and eventually form a plasma cell that secretes that specific antibody or a memory B cells

What is the process of clonal selection

The B cells that were activated by antibody/antigen binding, some will become memory B cells that live a long time. Next infection will have a faster and higher immune response

How does the memory response work

B and T cells

What are examples of lymphocytes

Blood and lymphoid organ

Where doe lymphocytes travel

Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells

What are examples of antigen presenting cells

Tissue/lymphoid organs

Where do antigen presenting cells travel

T lymphocytes, macrophages, and granulocytes

What are examples of effector cells

In blood to infection site

Where do effector cells travel

To destroy microbes

What is the function of the effector cells

Circulate and initiate response upon recognition of antigen

What is the function of lymphocytes

B lymphocytes, Helper T lymphocytes, Cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and Regulatory T lymphocytes

What are the classes of lymphocytes

To produce antibodies

What is the function of B lymphocytes

To make cytokines that help other cells become activated

What is the function of helper T lymphocytes

Kill infected cells

What is the function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes

Regulate immune response so it doesn’t get out of hand

What is the function of regulatory T lymphocytes

Bone marrow

Where do all lymphocytes originate

In bone marrow

Where do B lymphocytes mature

In the thymus

Where do T cells mature

Peripheral lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, spleen, tissue)

Where doe lymphocytes travel after maturing

Weeks to months

How long can Naive T/B cells live

Short term, dies once antigen is gone

How long do Effector T/B cells live

Long period of time

How long do memory T/B cells live

Accumulate more memory cells as you age

How doe memory cells change with age

Bone marrow and thymus

What are the primary lymphoid organs

Spleen, tonsils, Addie IX, peyers patch, lymph nodes, adenoids

What are secondary lymphoid organs

Where antigen accumulate so T and B cells can come into contact and become activated

What is the purpose of the secondary lymphoid organs

In the spleen and lymph nodes

Where is the highest number of lymphocytes located

Dendritic cells

What cell cause antigen to accumulate in the lymph nodes

The exit via the efferent lymphatic vessel and head to the site of infection

Once T cells are activated in the lymph node what happens

Using chemokines released by the infected cells

How do T cells no where the infection site is

Tonsils and peyers patch

What organs are similar to lymph nodes

The follicle

What are B cells attracted to in lymphoid organs

Area adjacent to the follicles

What are T cells attracted to in the lymphoid organ

Antigen recognition, clonal expansion, differentiation, apoptosis, and memory cells

What are the phases of adaptive immune response

Naive T cells only circulate in lymphoid organ where as effector T cells can travel to site of infection

What makes naive T cells and effector T cells different