Final Exam DB

While driving in M.S., exceeding the limit of BAC OF .08%  is considered a violation of the law. BAC represents…

Blood Alcohol Concentration

T or F: Consumption of alcohol tends to increase with age, which means that less alcohol is consumed the older you get

False

___ model explains drinking problems as fixation from the oral stage of development

Psychodynamic

The following of neutralization technique is Sykes and Matza EXCEPT 

Balance of Probabilities

The Americans Disabilities Act was passed by which U.S. President

President Bush

T or F: Fraud takes into 2/3 of all white colar crimes.

True

Which of the following is true about physical disability

All of the above

Amongst the Dani People of New Guenna Australlia, it was common practice for women to___

Amputate their fingers 

Read the list below carefully and select the ODD item: 1. Drinking, 2. Obesity, 3. Blindness, 4. Deafness:

One only

In Western societies, the obese is often denied the “sick role” bc____

None of the above

All homicide cases can be decribed as murder cases

False

It is important to study physical deviance because _______

It often generates similar ASK CASSANDRA

As a strategy for coping with physical disabilities, passing refers to

The act of disguising one's disability

Differentiation association theory is often credited to____

Edwin Southerland

The following justifications given by a rapist except

Shifting that blame to alcohol

T or F: Sykes and Matza’s theory of neutralization was an offshoot of Merton’s Strain theory

False

A set of laws that protect the protection of rape vistims from bwing question about their sexual history is known as

Shield Laws

The tearoom trade study illustrates the point that

Homosexuality is often widespread and often not reported

Denial of responsibility is associated with

None of the above

T or F: In the literature of white collar crimes, there is a consensus among scholars that white collar crimes should be treated differently from traditional crimes

False

The tearoom trade study focuses on _____

None of the above

___ defined white-collar crime as a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social standing in the course of his occupation

Sutherland

List and explain any four principles of differential association

1. Criminal behavior is learned: Criminality is not inherited or invented but rather acquired through social interaction.

2. Learning occurs through interaction: people learn criminal behavior from interacting with others, especially intimate personal groups.

3. Techniques, motives, and attitudes: The learning includes (a) techniques of committing the crime, which are sometimes very simple, and (b) the specific direction of motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes.

4. Differential associations: A person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of the law. This is the core principle, suggesting that exposure to pro-criminal attitudes outweighs exposure to anti-criminal attitudes.

Defiene first degree murder, define second-degree murder Mention 2 challenges associated with the prosecution of rape cases

First-degree murder: Typically involves premeditation (planning) and malice (intent to harm). It is often associated with felony murder, where the death occurs during the commission of another serious crime.

Second-degree murder: Is generally defined as intentional killing without premeditation, or killing that results from a reckless act demonstrating a disregard for human life.

Challenges in prosecuting rape cases:

1. Victim Blaming: Rape cases often suffer from societal attitudes that blame victims for the assault.

2. Lack of Evidence: Rape cases often lack physical evidence, making it difficult to prove the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.

Define black color crime and list two challenges of black colar crimes

Black-collar crime typically refers to crimes committed by clergy or religious leaders. The term plays off the more commonly known "white-collar crime" and "blue-collar crime" and uses "black" to represent the traditional color of clerical clothing. These crimes often involve abuse of authority, sexual misconduct, fraud, or other unethical behaviors committed under the guise of religious leadership or within religious institutions.

Two Challenges of Black Collar Crimes:

1. Underreporting and Institutional Cover-Ups:
   Victims may fear retaliation, shame, or disbelief, and religious institutions often attempt to handle such matters internally to protect their reputation, leading to a lack of transparency and justice.

2. Difficulty in Prosecution:
   Due to the influential status of clergy, legal proceedings can be complicated by community support for the accused, limited physical evidence, or statutes of limitations on certain offenses.

Describe the relationship between drinking behavior and the following factors: Gender, Race, Educational Background, Age

• Gender: Males are generally more likely to engage in heavy or binge drinking than females.

• Race: White individuals tend to report higher alcohol use compared to other racial groups, though patterns vary by context and culture.

• Educational Background: Higher education levels are associated with higher rates of drinking, but lower levels of alcohol-related problems.

• Age: Young adults (especially ages 18–25) have the highest rates of alcohol consumption and risky drinking behaviors.

Mention any two concept you have learned in this course, define the two concepts and explain why you think it is important.

Labeling Theory:
Definition: Labeling theory suggests that deviance is not just about the act itself, but how society responds to and labels the individual. Once someone is labeled as "deviant," it can affect their identity and future behavior.
Importance: This concept is important because it highlights the power of social reactions and institutions (like schools, police, or media) in shaping who is seen as deviant. It helps explain cycles of marginalization and why some individuals struggle to break out of stigmatized roles.

Neutralization Theory
Definition: Neutralization theory argues that individuals use techniques to justify or rationalize deviant behavior, allowing them to break rules without feeling guilt. Examples include denial of responsibility or blaming the victim.
Importance: This theory is important because it explains how otherwise law-abiding people can commit crimes or unethical acts while maintaining a positive self-image. Understanding these justifications can help in designing interventions to prevent deviant behavior.