History/Geography U2 River Valley Civilizations
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81 Terms
fertile crescent
an area of rich farmland between the Persian gulf and Mediterranean sea and Tigris and Euphrates rivers
What does Mesopotamia mean?
means land between two rivers
Between which 2 rivers is Mesopotamia located?
Tigris and Euphrates River
silt
mud/clay/rocks deposited by a lake or river
dynasty
a series of rulers from a single family
city-state
a city with its surrounding lands functioning as an independent political unit
polytheism
belief in many gods
cuneiform
wedge-shaped writing that consists of pictograms
when a river floods what does it provide for farming?
silt
Social Pyramid of Mesopotamia
rulers and priests
merchants, artists, and scribes
peasants and farmers
slaves
who held the power in mesopotamia?
priests held power in times of peace and military leaders held power in times of war
Rulers controlled irrigation and water supplies…. WHY?
dynasties began to form around 2500
eventually city-states formed
mesopotamians were polytheistic
cuneiform was the writing system used in mesopotamia
who was Hammurabi?
Hammurabi was the king of the babylonians who created one of the world’s first law codes.
What were the first set of law codes called?
Hammurabi’s Code
what are some factors of the Nile River?
Nile River had predictable flooding, was good for irrigation, flows “backwards'“
what is the Nile Delta?
Nile Delta is low land that flows into the Mediterranean
Egyptian Social Pyramid
pharaohs
government officials
soldiers
scribes
merchants
craftsman
peasants
slaves
who were pharaohs?
ruled egypt
included in dynasties
were seen as gods
examples: Khufu, Neferititi, Ramses, Tutankhamun
what are some factors of the Pyramids of Giza?
created by egyptians
used to be covered by limestone and gold
Valley of the Kings
burial site for pharaohs
built into the side of a mountain
The Great Sphinx
part cat and human
used for worship
were egyptians monotheistic or polytheistic?
polytheistic
egyptians practiced mummification, what does mummification mean?
process of preserving a body
heiroglyphics
depicted a certain scenario and drew pictures that were put in a sequence to represent an event/scenario.
writing system used in ancient egypt
Egyptians used ________ to make paper?
papyrus
what were egyptians credited with?
365 calendar
medical advancements(surgeries)
geometry
What was china isolated by?
deserts, mountains, and bodies of water
Yangtze River
located in southern china
Huang He/Yellow River
located in northern china
which river is known as the “river of sorrow” and why?
Huang He/Yellow River because it would bring tons of destruction.
chinese political dynasties
xia 2000-1700BCE
shang 1700-1027BCE
zhou 1027-256BCE
what was the right to rule called in ancient china?
mandate of heaven
where did the right to rule come from?
God
dynastic cycle was the ____ and ____ of Chinese dynasties
rise
run
why were peasants more important than artisans or merchants?
they provided things that were needed
what did the Shang call outsiders?
barbarians
why was china called the “middle kingdom”?
it was the center of the civilized world
were the ancient Chinese polytheistic or monotheistic?
polytheistic
oracle bones
used by priests to predict the future and to communicate with ancestors
what did the Chinese practice
ancestor worship
patriarchal society
male is the head (especially the father)
what is India
subcontinent
monsoons
seasonal winds that blow across the subcontinent
winter monsoons
cool air blew out
summer monsoons
warm air blew in
Since indians figured out monsoon season, what did they become?
excellent traders
India was isolated, why?
geography which made invasions difficult
what were the 2 mountain chains in India?
The Himalayas stretching across the north
Hindu Kush mountains stretch across the northwestern
what is the ocean located to the south of India?
Indian Ocean
what were the 2 rivers in India?
Indus River and Ganges River
what were the 2 major/important cities in India?
Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro
Who migrated to India?
Aryans
what did the Aryans migrate through?
Khyber Pass
what did the Aryans bring to India?
caste system and hinduism
hinduism
most popular religion in India with no credited founder, belief in many forms of one god (Brahma). Technically both monotheistic and polytheistic, believe in the reincarnation cycle (life, death, rebirth) depending on the life you live you are reborn into a new human
what is the end goal?
attain Moksha (perfect state of understanding)
how do you live your life and know how your next life will be?
Karma- all thoughts and actions result in future consequences
What are the 2 sacred texts in Hinduism?
The Vedas and Upanishads
where did Hebrews settle?
between the Mediterranean sea and the Jordan River
what is a prophet
someone who found a religion/is very important to said religion
who was the founder of Judaism
Abraham
What did Abraham make with God?
covenant
how did this happen?
Abraham heard a message from God telling him to lead the people and he will receive land and safety
who is moses
he led the Hebrews out of Egypt because he received a message from God telling him to move his people out of Egypt
what happened when the pharaohs initially wouldn’t let Moses take his people
plagues
where did Moses take his people to?
red sea (and split the red sea with gods help)
Jerusalem
Holy city of Judaism (dome of the rock, wailing wall)
are Jews monotheistic or polytheistic
monotheistic
diaspora
spread or dispersion of Jews outside Israel
Who were the Phoenicians?
people who settled in modern day Syria/Lebanon on the Mediterranean coast. They were a group of wealthy city-states. They were also seafaring people who traded around the Mediterranean and were great sailors.
What are some achievements/develops of the Phoenicians?
developed one of the first phonetic alphabets
famous for purple die because it was in a very specific spot closest to them and came from snails that produced the color and was often referred to as the royal color
What is Kush?
located on the upper Nile region (know as Nubia, Sudan)
earliest sub-saharan African civilization
influenced by Egypt through trade/conflict
barter
form of trade where people exchange goods and services without the use of money
cultural diffusion
the spreading of ideas or products from one culture to another
empire
a political unit in which a number of peoples or countries are controlled by a single ruler
theocracy
government in which the ruler is viewed as a divine figure or where a government is controlled by religious leaders
subcontinent
a large landmass that forms a distinct part of a continent
mandate of heaven
in Chinese history, the divine approval thought to be the basis of royal authority
dynastic cycle
historical pattern of the rise, decline, and replacement of dynasties
feudalism
a political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land
levees
a barrier constructed to prevent the flooding of a river