UK River Landscapes Flashcards

Flashcards for reviewing key concepts of UK river landscapes, including river and coastal erosion, rock types, and coastal defenses, based on the River Tees case study. Designed for GCSE geography students.

__ water forces air into cracks in rocks, breaking them apart over time.

Hydraulic Action

and sediment scrape against the riverbed and banks, wearing them down through .

Abrasion, erosion

Rocks collide with each other, breaking into smaller, smoother pieces through __.

Attrition

Acidic river water dissolves soluble rocks like limestone and chalk via __.

Solution

Examples of rocks eroded by rivers include __, __, __, and __.

Limestone, sandstone, clay, chalk

Examples of resistant rocks include __, __, and __.

Granite, whinstone, slate

The __ profile shows the river's slope from source to mouth.

Long

The __ profile displays the valley shape across the river at different stages.

Cross

In the upper course, rivers carve __-shaped valleys due to vertical erosion.

V

__ spurs cause winding river paths in the upper course.

Interlocking

__ form where hard rock overlays softer rock.

Waterfalls

__ develop from lateral erosion in the river's middle course.

Meanders

__ cliffs and slip-off slopes create distinctive bends in meanders.

River

__ lakes form from cut-off meanders.

Ox-bow

and develop from deposition in the lower course.

Floodplains, levees

__ mark where the river meets the sea.

Estuaries

Waves force air into rock cracks causing them to break; this is known as .

Hydraulic Action

Sand and pebbles hurled by waves scrape cliffs via __.

Abrasion

Rocks collide breaking into smaller fragments through __.

Attrition

Seawater dissolves minerals in rocks chemically through __.

Solution

Examples of soft coastal rocks include __, __, __, and __.

Clay, sandstone, chalk, limestone

Examples of resistant coastal rocks are __, __, and __.

Granite, basalt, whinstone

__ trap sediment moving along the shore to build up beaches and reduce erosion.

Groynes

__ are strong barriers that reflect wave energy to protect cliffs.

Sea Walls

__ is/are large boulders placed at the cliff base to absorb wave force.

Rock Armour

__ are wire cages filled with rocks that absorb and weaken wave impact.

Gabions

__ are sloped wooden or concrete barriers breaking waves before they reach cliffs.

Revetments

involves adding sand to beaches to strengthen them and absorb wave energy.

Beach Nourishment

involves planting marram grass to stabilise dunes.

Dune Regeneration

means allowing certain low-value areas to flood naturally, creating salt marshes.

Managed Retreat

High Force Waterfall is formed by erosion where (softer) erodes faster than (resistant).

Limestone, whinstone

V-shaped valleys are carved from and due to vertical erosion in the upper course.

Sandstone, Clay

Meanders are formed from and due to lateral erosion and deposition in the middle course.

Chalk, Sandstone

Both river and coastal erosion involve hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, and __.

solution

Soft rocks like limestone, sandstone, clay, and chalk are eroded by both rivers and __ erosion processes.

coastal

Rivers form valleys, waterfalls, and ox-bow lakes while coastal erosion forms cliffs, bays, arches, and __.

stacks