Chapter 14 - Stages of Development

Freud/Erickson/Maslow

Freud - 1

• Oral Stage

• birth → 1½ years old

• feeding & weaning

• too dependent, rejecting others, very sarcastic, overeating, & starvation

Freud - 2

• Anal Stage

• 1½ → 2½ years old

• toilet training → too lenient or too harsh

• excessively sarcastic, overly generous, VERY RIGID to rules, being irresponsible, & rebellious

Frued - 3

• Phallic Stage

• 2½ → 5/6

• must identify w/ SAME sex parent & take on as many of his/her characteriistics as possible

• fear of punishment, issues regarding romance, jealousy, aggressiveness, phobias, (extreme) guilt, (anxious) unreasonable anxiety, & depression

Freud - 4

• Latency Stage

• 6 years old → preadolescence (10,11,12)

• conflicts from other stages surface here

Freud - 5

• Genital Stage

• adolescence → onward

• no new conflicts, but all old ones resurface

Erickson - 1

• Sensory Stage

• Trust v. Mistrust

• birth → 2 years old

• infant develops HOPE which becomes FAITH in adults

• infants rely on the caregiver

Erickson - 2

• Muscular Stage

• Autonomy v. Shame

• 2 → 3 years old

• the child wants to become an individual

• shame → “rage turned against the self” - Erickson

Erickson - 3

• Locomotor Control Stage

• Initiative v. Guilt

• 3 → 5 years old

• pretend jobs → the child will make up their own rules

  • ex. playing house, games they don’t know the rules to/complex games

Erickson - 4

• Latency Stage

• Industry v. Inferiority

• 6 → 12 years old

• children get rewards for what they do

  • if they do not get rewards for what they do, then they feel inadequate

Erickson - 5

• Puberty Stage

• Identity v. Identity Confusion

• 13 → 18 years old

• @ this stage one decides who they will become

• the search for someone to love

Erickson - 6

• Young Adult Stage

• Intimacy v. Isolation

• 18 → 30 years old

• commit yourself to a relationship that may demand sacrifice & compromise

Erickson - 7

• Adulthood Stage

• Generativity v. Stagnation

• 30 → 65 years old

• generativity - 3 related activities

  • procreation → having children

  • productivity → to make society better

  • creativity → learning to accept the new

Erickson - 8

• Maturity Stage

• Ego Integrity

• 65 → up

• a sense of coherence or wholeness

• remain active & relate directly to society

Maslow - 1

• Biological Needs

• bodily needs come first

• you must always satisfy your physical wants

Maslow - 2

• Safety Needs

• need a predictable environment

• one moves about in their enviornment to reduce uncertainty

Maslow - 3

• Belongingness & Love Needs

• need for affection & love that can only be satisfied by other people

Maslow - 4

• Esteem Needs

• need other people to help you set your life goals

Maslow - 5

• Need for Self-Actualization

• is to achieve your true inborn potential & help others to get where you have gotten

  • self-actualization is achieved when:

    • self-esteem

    • confidence in yourself

    • express yourself in your own unique way

    • make your own special contribution to society

Personality comes from the Latin word “persona” meaning

mask

(Carl Jung) An inherited idea, based on the experiences of one’s ancestors, which shapes one’s perception of the world

archetype

Example of archetype

Superman is the archetypal hero that emodies bravery, integrity, sacrifice, and is seen as a symbol of hope for humanity

Defense Mechanisims

Repression, denial, regression, projection, displacement, turning-against self, reaction formation, introjection, & sublimation

Repression DM

rather than facing an unpleasant situation & deal w/ it, we protect our ego by “forgetting it”

• we push it down & away from conscious awareness

Denail DM

refusing to admit there is a problem, cutting off the conscious from external threats

Regression DM

effort to reduce anxiety by allowing us to return to an earlier time in our lives, when we didn’t have any responsibility/consequences

• people want to place themselves back in time when they were helpless, depended, & irresponsible

• Child to bedwetting

Projection DM

intolerable feelings, impulsive feelings, etc. are falsely attributed to other people

• attributing your own forbidden desires to someone else

Displacement DM

redirection of emotional feelings from their original object to a substitute object

• someone is angry w/ their boss, but they kick their cat

Turning-against Self DM

redirection of emotional feelings from their original object inward on self (beating yourself up)

• one develops feelings of inferiority & guilt

Reaction formation DM

turning unacceptable feelings into the opposite

• shy person behaves in exhibitionist manner

Introjection DM

taking on someone else’s personality that you admire or love

• completely abandon your own personality

Sublimation DM

changing unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable behavior

• an overly strong & aggressive person joins the military

• boxing

Personal unconscious

the part of the mind that contains material of which we are unaware of but that strongly influennces conscious processes & behavior

Collective unconscious

the part of the mind that contains inherited instincts, urges, and memories common to all people

(behaviorism) Contingencies of reinforcement

the occurrence of rewards or punishments following particular behaviors

Behaviorism

your personality evolves from a series of rewards & punishment

• BF Skinner & Albert Bandura

BF Skinner

• behaviorist

• all behavior results from a series of reinforcemtns

Albert Bandura

• self efficacy

• behaviorist

• we learn by imitating others (modeling)

Humanist

emphasis is on the positive potential of a person

• every individual has his/her own personal & continually changing perception of reality

• carl rogers & abraham Maslow

self-actualization

the humanist term for realizing one’s unique potential

Carl Rogers

• humanist

• all people are basically good

• everyone wants to ahcieve their “ideal self” but sometimes fall short of this

• the “ideal self” is as close toperfection as we can get

• the “fully functioning” individual is someone who has successfully combined what they should be with what they are

• one needs to be reaised in a good enviornment in order for this to happen (no violence)
  

Abraham Maslow

• humanist

• to be “great” according to Maslow means to be actualized

• self-actualized -

Trait theory

• behaviorist hate the idea of permanence

• can change traits with reinforcements

• a trait is any relatively enduring way in which one individual differs from another

Alfred Adler

• Freudian

• developed inferioity complex

Carl Jung

• Freudian

• dealt w/ a person finding meaning in life

• we try to attain selfhood

• we attempt to attain a balance b/w opposing forces of our personality

• masculine vs feminine

Social Cognitive

analysis of our own perceptions, thoughs, and feeling

• george kelly

• personal construct

personal construct

our personality consists of our thoughts about ourselves including our biases, errors, mistakes, and false conclusions

George Kelly

• social cognitive

• personal construct theory

• our individuality is based on the unique manner in which we organize our personal constructs

self efficacy

our view of our ability to succeed

• bandura

What would a therapist say? psychoanalyst

Talk about the past. Let the old conflicts resurface. Only in this way can we get to the root of the problem.

What would a therapist say? Behaviorist

Let’s analyze the behaviors that upset you. Let’s work on a program of reinforcements that will help you eliminate those problems

What would a therapist say? Humanist

I’m here to listen & support you. I think you know yourself well enough & you know why you are upset. So, you say you can’t do anything right? What do you mean by that?

conditions of worth

the conditions a person must meet in order to regard themself positively

cardinal trait

a characteristic or feature that is so pervasive the person is almost identified with it

source trait

a stable characgeristic that can be considered to be at the core of personality

surface trait

a stable characteristic that can be observed in certain situations

Central trait

makes us predictable in most situations