Human Growth and Development Exam 1

prenatal

conception to birth

infancy

0-2 years

toddler

1-3 years

early childhood

2-6 years

middle childhood

6-11 years

adolescence

11-18 years

emerging adulthood

18-25 years

adulthood

25-65 years

late adulthood

65 years and older

nature

traits, capacities, and limitations that each individual inherits genetically from parents

nurture

environmental influences that affect the individual after conception

differential susceptibility

sensitivity to any particular experience differs from one person to another

no change

pattern of developmental growth: characteristics that will remain constant throughout development (# of eyes, ears, hands, etc.)

growth and decline

pattern of developmental growth: pattern of most of life's development (height, cognitive characteristics, etc.)

linear growth

pattern of developmental growth: pattern that increases over time, not very common (learning)

growth in stages

pattern of developmental growth: growth transitions in abrupt stages (movement: crawling -> walking)

unpredictable

pattern of developmental growth: uncontrollable pattern, occurs with disease

critical period

must occur to ensure normal development or the only time abnormality might occur. ex: embryo grows limbs between 28-54 days after conception

sensitive period

a window of time during which an individual is more affected by experience, particular development occurs more easily. ex: language learning

historical context

cohort; a group definied by its members' shared age

socioeconomic status

determined by income, wealth, occupation, education, and place of residence. ex: housing, health, nutrition, knowledge

Bronfenbrenner

ecological systems theory

macrosystems

ecological model: cultural patterns, political philosophies, economic policies, and social conditions

exosystem

ecological model: religious values, mass media, transportation systems, medical institutions, community structures, educational systems

microsystem

immediate, direct influences; family, school, neighborhood, peer group, house of worship

chronosystem

dimension of time; changing conditions, personal and societal, over the lifespan

culture

a system of shared beliefs, norms, behaviors, and expectations that persist over time and prescribe social behavior and assumptions

ethnic group

shared culture, language, religion; nurture

race

physical appearance; nurture

biosocial

growth and change that occur in a person's body; physical or biological; height, weight, motor skills

cogntive

mental processes; perception, imagination, judgment, memory, language

psychosocial

emotions, temperament, social skills; family, friends, community, culture, society

scientific method

process of beginning with curiosity and posing a question, develop a hypothesis, test the hypothesis, draw conclusions, report results, and replication

observation, survey, correlational method, experiment

what are the basic research strategies

scientific observation

requires the researched to record behavior systematically and objectively; provides questions to explore, not proof

naturalistic setting such as a home, school, or other public place or in a laboratory to provide no intervention and you can create a specific scenario

where might scientific observation occur

survey

involves collection of information from a large number of people

challenges in acquiring valid info and answers that could be influenced by the wording and sequence of the questions

what are two main issues with surveys

correlational method

determine whether two or more variables are related in a systematic way without random assignment or manipulation of the independent variable

correlation coefficient

index of the strength of the relationship between two variables of interest

positive correlation

A correlation where both variables move in the same direction; correlation coefficient between 0 and 1

negative correlation

A correlation where the variables move in opposite directions; correlation coefficient between -1 and 0

no correlation

no relationship between two variables; correlation coefficient is 0

experiment

determines the cause and effect relationship between two variables by having a control vs experimental group and independent vs dependent variable

feasibility

limitation to experiments; can it be ethically or realistically reproduced

generalization

limitation to experiments; results can only be applied to people with specific characteristics

cross-sectional

comparing groups of people of one age with people of another age; different cohorts

longitudinal

collecting data repeatedly on the same individuals as they age; change over time

cross-sequential

different cohorts that you follow over time; sequential, cohort-sequential, time-sequential

longitudinal correlational study

A correlational research study that involves repeated observations of the same individuals over long periods of time — sometimes even decades.

quicker and easier

what is a pro of cross-sectional design over longitudinal design

age and cohort effects, no info on changes with age

what are cons of cross-sectional design over longitudinal design (2)

provides info about age changes rather than age differences and indicates consistency of characteristics and behaviors over time

what is a pro of longitudinal design compared to cross-sectional design

time consuming and costly, drop out, repeated testing, time-of-measurement effects

what are cons of longitudinal design over cross-sectional design (4)