Chapter 24 - Transition Elements - COLOURS

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24 Terms

1
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colour of transition metal ions Cr2O72-

Cr2O72- = orange

2
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colour of transition metal ions VO2+, VO2+

VO2+ = yellow

VO2+ = blue

3
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colour of transition metal ions Fe2O3, FeSO4

Fe2O3 = yellow

FeSO4 = pale green

4
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colour of transition metal ions -written

manganese (II) sulfate = pink

titanium trichloride = purple

5
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precipitation reaction

soluble ions are mixed together to produce an insoluble compound that settles out of solution = precipitate

6
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ligand substitution reaction

a ligand in a complex ion is replaced by another ligand in a reaction

7
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reactions of COPPER -aqueous copper(II) ions + HCl acid

-the 6 H2O ligands are replaced by 4 Cl ligands

[Cu(H2O)6]2+ (aq) + 4Cl- [CuCl4]2- (aq) + 6H2O

pale blue solution + octahedral ⇌ yellow solution + tetrahedral

8
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reactions of COPPER -aqueous copper(II) ions + little NH3

-NH3 accepts 2 protons from 2 of the H2O ligands in [Cu(H2O)6]2+

[Cu(H2O)6]2+ (aq) + 2NH3 → [Cu(OH)2(H2O)4] (s) + 2NH4+

pale blue solutionblue precipitate

-forms hydrated copper(II) hydroxide

9
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reactions of COPPER -hydrated copper(II) hydroxide + excess NH3

-4 NH3 ligands replace 2 OH- ligands and 2 H2O ligands

[Cu(OH)2(H2O)4] (s) + 4NH3 [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+ (aq) + 2H2O + 2OH-

blue precipitatedeep blue solution

<p>-<strong>4 NH3 ligands</strong> replace <strong>2 OH- ligands</strong> and <strong>2 H2O ligands</strong></p><p><strong><mark data-color="#a3e3f7" style="background-color: #a3e3f7; color: inherit">[Cu(OH)2(H2O)4] </mark></strong><mark data-color="#a3e3f7" style="background-color: #a3e3f7; color: inherit"><u>(s)</u></mark> +<strong> 4</strong>NH3<strong> </strong>⇌<strong> <mark data-color="#68beff" style="background-color: #68beff; color: inherit">[Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+ </mark></strong><mark data-color="#68beff" style="background-color: #68beff; color: inherit"><u>(aq)</u></mark><strong> + 2</strong>H2O<strong> + 2</strong>OH-</p><p><mark data-color="#9fe7fa" style="background-color: #9fe7fa; color: inherit">blue precipitate</mark> ⇌ <mark data-color="#75c6f6" style="background-color: #75c6f6; color: inherit">deep blue solution</mark></p>
10
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reactions of COPPER -aqueous copper(II) ions + excess NH3

-4 NH3 ligands replace 4 H2O ligands

[Cu(H2O)6]2+ (aq) + 4NH3 ⇌ [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+ (aq) + 4H2O

pale blue solutiondeep blue solution

11
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reactions of COPPER -aqueous copper(II) ions + NaOH

-2 OH- ions accept 2 protons from 2 H2O ligands

[Cu(H2O)6]2+ (aq) + 2OH- → [Cu(OH)2(H2O)4] (s) + 2H2O

pale blue solutionblue precipitate

12
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reactions of CHROMIUM -aqueous chromium(III) ions + little NH3

-NH3 accepts 3 protons from 3 of the H2O ligands in [Cr(H2O)6]3+

[Cr(H2O)6]3+ (aq) + 3NH3[Cr(OH)3(H2O)3] (s) + 3NH4+

violet solutiongreen precipitate - octahedral

-forms hydrated chromium(III) hydroxide

13
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reactions of CHROMIUM -hydrated chromium(III) ions + excess NH3

-6 NH3 ligands replace 3 OH- ligands and 3 H2O ligands

[Cr(OH)3(H2O)3] (s) + 6NH3 → [Cr(NH3)6]3+ (aq) + 3H2O + 3OH-

green precipitatepurple solution - octahedral

14
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reactions of CHROMIUM -aqueous chromium(III) ions + excess NH3

-6 NH3 ligands replace 6 H2O ligands

[Cr(H2O)6]3+ (aq) + 6NH3 → [Cr(NH3)6]3+ (aq) + 6H2O

violet solutionpurple solution - octahedral

15
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reactions of CHROMIUM -aqueous chromium(III) ions + little NaOH

-chromium(III) hydroxide is insoluble in little NaOH

[Cr(H2O)6]3+ (aq) + 3OH- → [Cr(OH)3(H2O)3] (s) + 3H2O

violet solutiongreen precipitate

16
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reactions of CHROMIUM -hydrated chromium(III) ions + excess NaOH

-3 OH- ligands replace 3 H2O ligands

[Cr(OH)3(H2O)3] (s) + 3OH- → [Cr(OH)6]3- (aq) + 3H2O

green precipitatedark green solution

17
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reactions of CHROMIUM -aqueous chromium(III) ions + excess NaOH

-6 OH- ligands replace 6 H2O ligands

[Cr(H2O)6]3+ (aq) + 6OH- → [Cr(OH)6]3- (aq) + 6H2O

violet solutiondark green solution

18
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reactions of IRON(II) -aqueous iron(II) ions + NH3

-iron(II) hydroxide is insoluble in excess NH3 solution

[Fe(H2O)6]2+ (aq) + 2NH3 → [Fe(OH)2(H2O)4] (s) + 2NH4+

pale green solutiongreen precipitate

19
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reactions of IRON(II) -aqueous iron(II) ions + NaOH

-iron(II) hydroxide is insoluble in excess NaOH solution

[Fe(H2O)6]2+ (aq) + 2OH- → [Fe(OH)2(H2O)4] (s) + 2H2O

pale green solutiongreen precipitate

20
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reaction of IRON(III) -aqueous iron(III) ions + NH3

-iron(III) hydroxide is insoluble in excess NH3 solution

[Fe(H2O)6]3+ (aq) + 3NH3 → [Fe(OH)3(H2O)3] (s) + 3NH4+

pale yellow solutionorange-brown precipitate

21
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reaction of IRON(III) -aqueous iron(III) ions + NaOH

-iron(III) hydroxide is insoluble in excess NaOH solution

[Fe(H2O)6]3+ (aq) + 3OH- → [Fe(OH)3(H2O)3] (s) + 3H2O

pale yellow solutionorange-brown precipitate

22
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reaction of MANGANESE(II) -aqueous manganese(II) ions + NH3

-manganese(II) hydroxide is insoluble in excess NH3 solution

[Mn(H2O)6]2+ (aq) + 2NH3 → [Mn(OH)2(H2O)4] (s) + 2NH4+

pale pink solutionlight brown precipitate

23
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reaction of MANGANESE(II) -aqueous manganese(II) ions + NaOH

-manganese(II) hydroxide is insoluble in excess NaOH solution

[Mn(H2O)6]2+ (aq) + 2OH- → [Mn(OH)2(H2O)4] (s) + 2H2O

pale pink solutionlight brown precipitate

24
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OXIDATION of manganese (II) to (III)

4Mn(OH)2 (s) + O2 → 2MnO3 (s) + 4H2O

light brown precipitatedark brown precipitate