Testing combined set

Respiratory system basic function

• provides the blood with oxygen

• blood carries oxygen throughout the body

• oxygen carried to blood via inspiration (breathing in)

• CO2 eliminated from blood via expiration (breathing out)

• Entire process (inspiration + expiration) = respiration

air conducting function

• trachea

• bronchi

• bronchioles

gas exchange function

• respiratory bronchioles

• alveoli

General theories on the respiratory system from ancient Greece

• pneuma is a vital substance in the air

• our bodies extract it from the air via respiration

• breathing distributes pneuma in the body

• the lungs, taking in air from outside, are vulnerable to:

  • temperature

  • moisture

  • pressure

  • particles

• Respiratory tract is shaped like inverted tree: roots at the top, branches at the bottom

• lungs pump pneuma to heart

• lungs regulate heart temperature

Hippocratic Corpus treatise On Breathes

• “wind in bodies is called “breath”; outside bodies it is called “air”

• Breath is continuous and essential

• Consists of inspiration and expiration

Aristotle significance to respiratory system

Thought that heart had 3 chambers and that all chambers connected directly to the lungs. This was incorrect, but significant because he was the first to recognize the branching system of vessels emanating from heart and connecting to lungs

Galen thoughts on respiratory system

• respiration was partially voluntary (correct)

• It was connected to speech (correct)

• fire was extinguished if air cut off (correct)

• Breathing was necessary to maintain body temperature (not too hot or too cold) (partially correct)

Respiratory system in Ancient Greek in short

The ancient Greeks got a lot correct about the human respiratory system

pneumothorax

PNEUM- = air, gas

-o- = CV

THORAX- = chest, cavity, pleural (side) cavity, thorax

posterolateral

POSTER- = behind, in back

-o- = CV

LATER- = side

-al = adjective

staphylococci

STAPHYL- = (bunch of grapes)

COCC- = (berry) (used specifically for spherical bacteria, whereas BACTER- is used for more rod-shaped bacteria)

microorganisms that cluster together like grapes

streptococci

STREPT- = twisted

COCC- = (berry)

microorganisms that form twisted chains

tracheostomy/tracheotomy

TRACH(E)- = trachea

STOM- = opening

OR

TOM- = cut

-y = noun ending

bacteriophage

BACTER(I)- (small staff) bacterium

PHAG- = eat

e- = noun ending

(sometimes just “phage”)

across the thorax

transthoracic

pneumocentesis part of speech

noun

vasovagal part of speech

adjective

atrium part of speech

noun

otorhinolaryngologist part of speech

noun

mitral part of speech

adjective

asphyxiate part of speech

verb

expire part of speech

verb

ossify part of speech

verb

bisect part of speech

verb

aspirational part of speech

adjective

abduct part of speech

verb

metabolic part of speech

adjective

a. Briefly (in 1 sentence) explain what linguistic feature the terms convalesce, crescent, and senescence have in common.

b. Analyze one of these words as a specific example, giving the prefix (if any), combining form, suffix (if any), connecting vowels (if any), and the meanings of these parts.

a. The linguistic feature the terms above have in common is that they are all inceptive verbs, which means that they all have the letters -sc- inserted in between their stem word and their ending, which indicates that the verb action is beginning to be performed.

b. crescent (adjective)

CRESC-ent

CRESC is a latin word stem that means (begin to) grow (note that this contains the "-SC," which is where the "begin to" comes from).

-ent is a verb- or adjective-forming suffix.

Originally (in the UK), an independent judicial officer who acts on behalf of the Crown (the royal family) to investigate the cause and circumstances of violent or unnatural, sudden, or unexplained deaths. Now more usually called a "medical examiner."

coroner

Briefly (in 2–3 sentences) explain the relationship between the combining form BOL- and the current meaning of the word "diabolic." Include the literal meaning of the word.

The combining form BOL- means “a throwing.” A derivative of this word/a word that contains this stem is “diabolos,” which was a word that was used to refer to the devil or Satan. When “diabolos” itself was translated into English, it become devil, but words derived from diabolos still exist in English today, one of those words being diabolic, which means devilish, and the literal meaning is “Pertaining to a throwing across/apart; dia-BOL-ic).”

Briefly (in 1 sentence) explain William Harvey's most significant contribution to our knowledge about the cardiovascular system. Include the century in which he made his contribution.

William Harvey’s most significant contribution to our knowledge about the cardiovascular system is the fact that he discovered that our circulatory system is a closed system, which describes how blood moves and circulates through the body, which he discovered during the 17th century.

"cessation of breathing, especially during sleep"

apnea

Digestion

dis-/di- = apart, away

GEST- = carry, bear

-ion = noun suffix

Literal: carry away

Actual: breakdown of food into increasingly smaller components for absorption into the body

pertaining to bile (adj.)

biliary

vomiting of fecal material (noun)

copremesis

incomplete development of the tongue (noun)

ateloglossia or hypoglossia

process by which complex substances are converted into simpler substances (i.e., broken down) (noun)

catabolism

Enzyme of gastric juice, acts as catalyst to break down protein

pepsin

Gibberish stimulating coherent speech; babbling; speaking in tongues (noun)

glossolalia

involuntary series of contractions in the walls of organs through which food passes, propelling food along (noun)

peristalsis

swallowing (noun)

degluitition

study and analysis of feces; literature using fecal imagery (noun)

scatology

dung-eating (adj.)

coprophagous

inflammation of the diverticula (small pouches formed by herniation of the wall of an organ, usually the colon) (noun)

diverticulitis

first section of the small intestine, approximately 12 inches long

duodenum

(abnormal) narrowing of the pyloric orifice (noun)

pyloric stenosis

agent that induces chemical changes in other substances without being altered itself (noun)

enzyme

The GI organ that takes its name from its fleshy consistency

pancreas

This cul-de-sac (dead end) or blind portion of the large intestine is known as the

cecum

This straight segment of the large intestine is known as the

rectum

This S-shaped segment of the large intestine is known as the

sigmoid colon

Widespread beverage named after the digestive enzyme pepsin and the kola nuts used in the recipe

pepsi-cola

Conjugation

Changes in verb endings

Participles

Word forms that “participate” in both adjective and verb functions (adjectives formed from verbs). (They can also be used as nouns).

English examples: running, swimming, reading

Participles endings (for present tense)

-ant, -ent, -ient

Inceptive verbs

characterized by the letters -sc- inserted between the stem (cf) and the ending. They denote the beginning of an action (the “inception” or start of an action)

antebrachium

ante-BRACHI-um

ante- = before

BRACHI- = (upper) arm

-um = noun

forearm

Fungi

FUNG- = mushroom, fungus

i- = noun plural ending

Somnifacient

SOMN- = sleep

-i- = CV

FAC- = make

-ient = latin participial suffix

causing sleep

insomnia

in- = not

SOMN- = sleep

-ia = noun ending

facial hemiplegia

FACI- = face

-ial = adjective(?) suffix

hemi- = half

PLEG- = strike, paralyze

-ia = noun suffix

OR

-plegia = suffix for paralysis

Paralysis of the muscles on one side of the face

bisection

bi - two

SECT- = cut

-ion = noun ending

The act of cutting something in two

abduction

ab- = away from

DUCT- = lead, bring, carry

-ion = noun ending

movement (of the limbs) away from the median plane of the body; the act of taking someone away by force

adduction

ad- = to, toward

DUCT- = lead, bring, carry

-ion = noun ending

movement (of the limbs) toward the median plane of the body

Did hospitals exist in ancient Greece/Rome?

No

Hospital definition

a building especially for sick people, where they would be treated by doctors

Earliest hospital

Built in the early 9th c. CE in Baghdad (in Mesopotamia/Persia, later Iraq), during the Islamic Golden Age (8th-14th centuries)

Greek forerunner of hospital

dormitories in the sanctuaries of Asclepius

Treatment at sanctuaries of Asclepius involved a process known as…?

temple incubation

Temple incubation

A method to induce meaningful dreams via dream divination that was used to cure illness and was used mainly at sanctuaries of the god Asclepius

Why does Asclepius have a snake (staff of Asclepius)

Various theories:

• Snakes shed their skin and seem “reborn” or healed

• snakes go under the ground and come back up, and thus seem “reborn,” healed, and/or rejuvenated

• because snakes go to and from underground, they might have been seen as communing with the dead

• Story of how Asclepius witnessed one snake resurrect another and learned from this snake

  • Venom as an antidote/medicine in some cases

What is a sanctuary?

A plot of land set apart as sacred to a particular deity. Within the sanctuary were various buildings, including a temple to the deity, storehouses, housing for the temple priests, and many other structures

Where was the main sanctuary of Asclepius?

Epidaurus

Temple incubation process

A visitor had to follow certain rituals:

• fasting (for bodily purification)

• praying to Asclepius

• bathing (also for purification)

• sacrificing to the god (e.g., a bull or sheep)

After the temple incubation process, what did a patient do in the sanctuary of Asclepius?

• spends night in abaton - sometimes many nights, depending on the severity of the illness

• sees Asclepius in their dreams

• receives advice in dreams

• upon waking up, tells the doctors of his dreams

• doctors follow the advice

• patient is miraculously cured

Systole

refers to the period of contraction of the heart when the blood is sent through the aorta and the pulmonary artery

Diastole

the period of expansion when the heart dilates and the atria and ventricles fill with blood from the venae cavae and the pulmonary vein

sphygmomanometer

Blood pressure machine

Mitral valve

lies between the left atrium and left ventricle and allows passage of blood from the atrium into the ventricle. It is also called the bicuspid valve because it has two cusps. It is meant to be a one-way valve.

Metabolism

The sum of the processes of anabolism (and catabolism). Anabolism is the constructive phase of metabolism, the process by which cells take nutrients from the blood required for repair and growth of tissue. Catabolism is the process by which complex compounds are reduced to simpler ones, often accompanied by the release of energy

History of the CF “BOL-” and it’s modern day meaning(s)

“BOL-” means a throwing. A verb diaballein had a secondary meaning which meant to make a false accusation or to slander. From this, the noun diabole (slander) was formed. The noun diabolos originally meant one who slanders an evil person. This word was used in the devil as diabolos, for devil. Some of the modern-day words that use “BOL-” have a derivative of this meaning rather than it’s meaning of a throwing. One such example of this is the word diabolic, which means devilish.

Heart

pumps blood

Artery

vessel that carries blood away from the heart to various parts of the body

Vein

Vessel through which blood passes back to the heart from various body parts

Galen

• 2nd century CE Greek working in the Roman Empire

• Worked at medical school at Alexandria

• Came up with the first main working theory of how blood circulates in the body

  • Incorrect theory, but highly influential

• Studied medicine from early age (16)

• Returned to Pergamum, became surgeon to gladiators

• on-the-job training as doctor, surgeon, nutritionist

• 162 CE on: appointed official physician to emperors Marcus Aurelius, Commodus, Septimius Severus

• Based his investigations on earlier (Greek) works of physiology and medicine

• (probably) not allowed access to human bodies

• saw inside humans via injuries and surgery

• mostly experimented on living and dead animals

• accepted doctrine of 4 humors

  • body parts and their actions resulted from different combinations of the elements, qualities, and humors

Galen’s thoughts on the cardiovascular system

• veins contain blood

• liver is source of all veins

• food becomes blood, purified in liver

• assimilated blood (in tissues) is lost via evaporation

• blood nourishes lungs

• heart intrinsically pulsates

  • contracts during phase called systole

  • dilates (expands) during phase called diastole

• respiration cools the system

• arteries contain both air and blood

• arteries and veins are different

  • arteries always pulsate

  • veins do not

• Open-ended vascular system

  • mainly blood in arteries (not air); pores in heart separate venous blood from arterial blood

What did Galen’s cardiovascular system provide an explanation for?

• digestion

• production of blood

• distribution of nourishment in body

• generation/conveyance of heat

Galen’s most significant contribution to cardiovascular discoveries

Synthesized existing knowledge from previous scholarship

• first to demonstrate (convincingly) that arteries contain blood

• narrowed down questions still needing answers (ex: movement of blood within heart)

What was Galen wrong about in regards to the cardiovascular system?

• concept of “open” circulatory system - that blood did not return to the heart or other organs (ex: liver)

• body “consumes” blood, which needs to be replenished

• liver produces blood from ingested food

• (among other things)

When were Galen’s errors corrected?

The 17th century CE by William Harvey

systole (breakdown)

syn- = together/with

STOL- = send, contract

-e = noun-forming suffix

contraction of the heart

diastole (breakdown)

dia- = through, across, apart

STOL- = send, contract

-e = noun-forming suffix

Dilation of the heart

coronary

CORON- = crown

-ary = adjective-forming suffix

crown

cordiform

CORD- = heart

-i- = CV

-FORM = shape

adjective; looks like heart

vagotropic

VAG- = (wandering) vagus nerve

-o- = CV

TROP- = turn

-ic = adjective-forming suffix

affinity for the vagus nerve

Inflected

Words change their forms (usually their endings) to indicate their functions in the sentence

Declension

The patterns of inflections for nouns and adjectives

Conjugation

Verb inflection patterns