corrections ch 13 juvenile corrections

age-crime curve

refers to the tendency for offering to rise during adolescence, peak around age 18, and then drop thereafter

parens patriae

the idea that the court is the ultimate parent of all minors and therefore has final responsibility for its younger citizens

status offense

misbehavior that is considered wrong only because society does not consider the juvenile old enough for such activity

delinquency offense

act that would be criminal had it been done by an adult

nonpetitioned case

the informal response to a juvenile court case

informal probation

upon the voluntary agreement of child and parents, the juvenile agrees to submit to certain probation conditions without being formally charged or adjudicated as delinquent

preponderance of evidence

burden of proof that requires evidence supporting a charge to have greater weight or be more convincing than the evidence offered in opposition to it

beyond a reasonable doubt

burden of proof that requires evidence supporting a claim to offer fully satisfying and entirely convincing evidence established the accused guilt

judicial waiver

juvenile court judge waives jurisdiction over a case and transfers it to criminal court

direct file

prosecutor decides to try a juvenile as an adult

statutory exclusion

criminal courts have original jurisdiction for certain crimes committed by juveniles

juvenile blended sentence

juvenile court judge can impose both juvenile and adult sanctions on certain categories of serious juvenile offenders

criminal blended sentences

in cases where a juvenile is tried as an adult, the criminal court judge can impose juvenile sentences that would ordinarily be available only to juvenile court

functional family therapy

an effective short term intervention program targeting youths aged 11-18 who are facing problems with delinquency, substance abuse, or violence

disproportionate minority contract

refers to the overrepresentation of minorities in virtually all aspects of the juvenile justice system

CAPTAF

Federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act

emancipated minor

a person who has been legally declared an adult by a court

no longer under the care of their parents

abuse

any physical injury, sexual abuse or emotional abuse inflicted on a child other than by accidental means by those responsible for the child’s care, custody and control.

neglect

failure to provide, by those responsible for the care, custody and control of the child

In re Gault

Due Process and Juveniles: landmark case ruled that juveniles facing juvenile delinquency proceedings have the right to counsel and other due process protections

In re Winship

protects the accused against conviction except upon proof beyond a reasonable doubt of every fact necessary to constitute the crime charged

missouri model

a model for juvenile institutions that emphasizes rehabilitation in small groups, constant therapeutic interventions and minimal force

residential based responses

Juvenile offenders receiving a custodial placement are typically sent to residential facilities such as a camp, group home, or correctional facility.