Anatomy 1 - Regions continued and Bones

What are the three locations bones can be found in

Appendicular

Axial

Heterotopic

Appendicular skeleton

The division of the skeleton comprising the bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder girdle, and pelvic girdle.

Axial skeleton

The central structural framework of the body, consisting of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.

Heterotopic bones

Bones that form abnormally within soft tissues outside the standard

Shape of Bones - Long

Bones where length is greater than width.

Shape of Bones - Short

Bones where length is approximately equal to width.

Shape of Bones - Flat

Give an example

Thin, flattened, and usually slightly curved

Ex: Scapula

Shape of Bones - Sesamoid

Small, seed-like bones formed within tendons

Shape of Bones - Irregular

bones that have complex, non-standard shapes that do not fit into the other four primary bone shape categories

Bone development

What are the two types

Endochondral Ossification

Intramembranous Ossification

Endochondral Ossification

Where has Bone development occur in this process

Do most bones develope this way?

Bone development occurred within cartilage template

Yes

Intramembranous Ossification

Where has Bone development occur in this process

Also which bones normally undergo this process

Direct conversion of embryonic connective tissue (mesenchyme) into bone

cranial/facial bones and clavicle

What are the 4 regions/bones of the Thoracic Limb

Shoulder (Scapula)

Brachium (Arm)

Antebrachium (Forearm)

Manus (Forepaw)

Bones of the Thoracic Limb

What are the bones of the Shoulder

Scapula

Clavicle

What is the main bone of the shoulder?

Scapula

In the dog the clavicle is mostly ____ and called ___ ___

tendinous

Clavicular intersection

True of False

In cats you can normally expect to have a small bony remanent of the clavicle present

True

True or False

In dogs small remnants of the clavicle are sometimes seen as a small bone on the shoulder

True

Bones of the Thoracic Limb - Brachium (arm)

What is the main bone?

Humerus

Bones of the Thoracic Limb - Antebrachium (forearm)

What bones compose this?

Radius

Ulna

Bones of the Thoracic Limb - Maus (forepaw)

What bones compose this?

Carpus

Metacarpal bones

Phalanges

Bones of the Thoracic Limb - Maus (Carpus)

Top region of forepaw

Bones of the Thoracic Limb - Maus (Metacarpal bones)

5 bones

Bones of the Thoracic Limb - Maus (Phalanges, Digits)

True or False of the 5 digits all have 3 bones each

Fasle

The first digit only has 2 bones

How is the forelimb connected to the body?

No bony attachments connect the forelimb to the body; the forelimb is attached to the body by extrinsic muscles only

How is the hindlimb connected to the body?

With extrinstic muscles and a bony attachment

What are the 4 regions of the Pelvic Limb

Rump (Pelvis)

Thigh

Crus (Leg)

Pes (Hindpaw)

Bones of the Pelvic Limb - Rump (Pelvis)

What is the main bone?

Ox Coxae

Os Coxae

A large, irregularly shaped bone that forms the main part of the pelvis

Bones of the Pelvic Limb - Thigh

What bones make it up and whats the main bone?

Femur - Main bone

Patella - Large sesamoid bone present distal in femer

Bones of the Pelvic Limb - Crus (Leg)

What bones make it up and whats the main bone?

Tibia - Main bone

Fibula

Bones of the Pelvic Limb - Pes (Hind paw)

What are the three parts of this?

Tarsus (Hock)

Metatarsal bones

Phalanges (Digits)

Bones of the Pelvic Limb - Pes (Hind paw)

How many Metatarsal bones present

5

Bones of the Pelvic Limb - Pes (Hind paw)

How many bones do each Phalanges (Digits) have?

Digit 1 has 2 bones

The 4 main digits have 3 bones each (Digits 2-5)

Using the provided image figure out where the thee parts of the Phalanges (Digits) are located

Define Condyle

A rounded END on bone that articulates with another bone

Define Epicondyle

A projection located ‘upon’ the condyle

Define Trochlea

A structure acting like or resembling a pulley

Define Trochanter

A rough prominence at the upper part (Proximal) of the femur

Define Tubercle

A small, rounded process

Define Tuberosity

A rough elevated surface

its where the 3 is

Define Fossa

A shallow, broad, or elongated basin (think bowl)

Define Foramen

A hole through a bone, usually round