UNIT 1 PSYCH: memory

recognition

correctly identifying previously learned info

recall

direct retrieval of information

encoding

INFORMATION PROCESSING→take in stimuli from the environment and converting it into a form/construct that the brain can understand and use

Storage

INFORMATION PROCESSING MODEL→placing newly acquired memory into memory and sensory (short term: working, long term: processing)

retrieval

INFORMATION PROCESSING MODEL: the recovery of stored information, occurs through recall and recognition

explicit memories

conscious recall of information, effortful process (episodic, semantic, flashback)

episodic memory

stories of our lives and experiences we can recall, from our POV

semantic memory

memories drawn from everyday common knowledge, not personal

flashbulb memory

vivid memory about an emotionally significant event

implicit memories

memories retained without conscious effort: automatic processing, muscle memory

procedural memory

how to do something, usually in routine

prospective memories

memory related to future action

parallel processing

interpreting numerous events and stimuli at the same time

sensory memory

process everything we sense

iconic memories

memory of visual images

echoic memory

memory of auditory signals

cocktail party effect

ability to filter out nearly everything except what is important to us

short-term memory

once info is sensed, it can be stored in this stage

long-term memory

the stage that can store information indefinitely, from rehearsal and encoding

structural encoding(shallow)

focus on what words look like

phonemic encoding(intermediate)

the process of encoding sounds actual words and other auditory input of storage and retrieval

semantic encoding(deep)

process of converting sensory input into meaningful, long-term memories by associating real information with existing knowledge and experience

serial position effect

phenomenon where people reach the first and last item in a list more easily than in the middle

false memory

a recollection of an event that did not actually occur

retrieval cue

association we make that activate memoires

state-dependent memory

retrieval is most efficient when individuals are in the same state of consciousness

mood dependent memory

recall of information that can be retrieved while in a mood similar to when it was aqquired

context dependent memory

recall of information while in the same context or environment in which it was aqquired

testing effect

long term retention(memorization) is increased due to a test with proper feedback during the learning period

metacognition

the active awareness of our own thinking

working memory

a newer understanding of short term memory: conscious, active processing both incoming sensory information and information info retrieve from long term memory

chunking

when automatic organization of things into units, it’s easier to remember more when chunking as it creates sets, as easier rcall

mnemonics

a memory aid, as organizing vivid imagery, when you correlate something with imagery

hierarchies

subject divided into categories and subcategories. Hierarchies help process and retrieve information efficiently.

schema

framework brain uses to understand the world→stores explicit memory better if fit with personal schema

priming

the activation, often unconsciously of particular predisposing in memory

source amnesia

 faulty memory from when the information was learned, or thinking you learned something at a different time or place.  

infantile amnesia

inability of adults to recollect early episodic memories, is associated with the rapid forgetting that occurs in childhood.

retrograde amnesia

an inability to remember information from one’s past

anterograde amnesia

an inability to form new memories

proactive interference

you cannot learn a new task/skill because of a previously learned task/skill- your previous knowledge interferes with your new knowledge.

retroactive interference

you cannot learn a new task/skill because of a previously learned task/skill- your previous knowledge interferes with your new knowledge. 

encoding failure

Where information is not able to convert into encoding process, leading to forget of the memory or info.

misinformation effect

occurs when a memory has been corrupted by misleading information