Kinesiology Chapter One 🩺

Occupations

Everyday activities that people do to bring meaning and purpose to life

Occupational performance

Completing these meaningful activities by a person, groups, or population(s)

Examples of occupations

ADL'S, IADL'S, rest and sleep, education, work, play, leisure, health management, and social participation

Performance skills

Goal-directed actions that contribute to occupational performance

Process skills

Cognitive, emotional, and psychosocial

Functional anatomy

Underlying body structures that contribute to movement involved in daily function

Functional mobility

Moving from one position or place to another

Purposeful movement

Meaning behind motion

Anatomical position

Standing feet apart head forward, arms at sides, palms forward

Posterior

Back or dorsal

Anterior

Front, volar, or ventral

Medial and lateral

Closer to or farther from midline

Proximal and distal

Relative position to trunk

Radial and ulnar

Relative position on forearm, wrist, and hand

Superior

Above

Inferior

Below

Cranial

Direction of the skull

Caudal

Beneath or below tail

Ipsilateral

Same side of body

Contralateral

opposite side of body

Origin

attachment that moves the least usually proximal

Insertion

More movable attachments usually distal

Kinesiology

The study of anatomy and mechanics in relation to human movement

sagittal plane

Divides body into right and left sides ( flexion and extension )

Frontal plane

Divides body into anterior and posterior ( abduction and abduction)

Transverse plane

Divides body into inferior and superior - rotary movements

Frontal axis

Medial to lateral always with sagittal plane

Sagitta axis

Anterior to posterior always with frontal plane

Vertical axis

Inferior to superior, always with transverse plane

Kinetic chains

Cooperative interdependent movement of segments and joints of the body

Closed-chain movement

Promotes stabilization, functional movements, proximal joints move in relation to distal joints

Open chain

Free movement of distal segment in space joints can more together OR independently -promotes mobility

Force

Any push or pull of matter

Tensile Force

Pulling

Compressive force

Pushing

Moment

Torque

Action

Specific motion a muscle can generate at a joint

Moment arm

Lever arm, distance from a joint to the muscle

Levers

Provide mechanical advantage-generates functional motion

First class lever

Exerted force and resistive force on opposite-side of axis

Second class lever

Resistive force closer to axis than exerted force on same side (example: ankle, wheelbarrow)

Third class lever

(Most common) allows for higher velocity movements ( axis, exerted force, resistance)

Stress

Amount of applied force per area

Strain

Amount of material displacement under specific amount of stress

Elasticity

Ability to stretch and return to the original shape

Young's modulus

Stiffness of a material, stress strain diagram

Elastic deformation

Ability to return to normal shape after strain

Yield point

Maximum stress that can be sustained before tissue failure

Plastic deformation

Permanent deformation of tissue, but retains continuity

Biomechanics

Study of structure, function, and motion of biological systems that makeup a living organism

Bone

Collagen and calcium

Cortical bone

Greater mineral content than collagen, shaft of long bones,rigid support

Cancellous bone

Higher collagen content, spongy , found in marrow cavity of long bones

Articular ( hyaline ) cartilage

Covers ends of long bones, dense connective tissue to absorb force between bones

Ligaments

Connect bone to bone joint stability

Tendons

Connect muscle to bone, transfers Force

Joint capsule

Dense fibrous sleeve around synovial joint, passive stability and contains synovial fluid

Aponeurosis

Fibrous insertion that connects adjacent muscles (think ab muscles that form rectus sheath)

Skeletal muscle

Striated and alternating bands of fibers, moves bones of skeleton and supplies force for powerful movement

Cardiac muscle

Striated and in segments forms muscular components of heart

Smooth muscle

Involuntary, nonstriated, contracts slowly andautomatically, internal organs

Histology

Microscopic study of body tissue

Endomysium

Surrounds each individual fiber

Perimysium

Surrounds fascicles (groups of muscle fibers)

Epimysium

Surrounds groups of fascicles

Myofibrils

Long cylinder strands of contractile proteins

Sacromeres

Contractile units of a muscle

Actin

Protein composed of thin filaments

Myosin

Protein composed of thick filaments, forms central shaft of each sacromere

Motor unit

A single motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates

Physiological cross sectional area (pcsa)

Area of a cross section of a muscle at its widest point

Pennate muscles

Slanted, multipennate, bipennate, unipennate

Fascia

Noncontractile (passive) tissues within muscles

Flaccid muscles

Results from loss of innnervation

Hypertonia

Muscle with increased tone

Muscle spindles

Protects muscles, signals changes in muscle length

Phasic stretch reflex

Activates agonist muscle to contract if muscle is overstretched

Golgi tendon organs

More sensitive than spindles

Slow twitch fibers

Type 1 fibers, more resistant to fatigue

Fast Twitch fibers

Type 2 fibers, powerful contractions

Agonist muscle

Controls movement, prime mover

Antagonist muscle

Stabilizes, contrasting muscle

Fixators

Provides stability at origin

synergists

Muscles that assist prime movers

Force couple

muscles that work together, act in different directions to produce same motion or stabilize a joint

Isometric contraction

Contraction with NO change in length

Isotonic contraction

Contraction with change in muscle length and joint motion

Eccentric

Lengthening

Concentric

Shortening

Load rate

How quickly force is applied to tissue

Passive insufficiency

Inability of a muscle to stretchenough to allow a joint to move through full range of motion

Active insufficiency

Muscles cannot contract further, maximally shortened

Close - pack position

Max contact between articular surfaces and max tension on surrounding ligaments

Open-pack position

Least surface contact, increased mobility of joint, and laxity of surrounding ligaments

Ball-and-socket joint

Rotates around 3 axes, most mobile, spherical surface fits into concave depression

Ellipsoid joint

Motion around two axes, flexion/extension or abduction/adduction, oval-shaped convex end with elliptical concave basin

Hinge joint

Motion around single axis, only flexion and extension

Saddle joint

Modified ellipsoid joint, convex and concave articulating

surfaces and motion around two axes

Gliding joint

Least amt. of movement, two flat surfaces of adjacent bones

Pivot joint

Motion around one axis