Micro section 1

Most of the content is from Theresa (thank you sm) and I tweaked it to fit my preferred method of studying using key phrases. I also included the diagrams. Feel free to make your own copy to edit it to your preference. Good luck to all of us!

Who refined microscope?

ANTON van Leeuwenhoek

who described cells when observing plant tissue under microscopes?

Robert HOOKE

First to document vaccination, working with small pox?

EDWARD Jenner

Introduced sterile techniques?

TGNAZ Summelweis

First to use diluted phenol in wound dressings and as an aerosol spray during surgery to prevent infection?

Joseph LISTER

Aristotle's idea that living things came from dead material and was eventually disproved by microbiologist

Spontaneous generation

Who determined that if meat could produce maggots and concluded that it was the eggs laid from the flies that produced maggots.

Francesco REDI

Who determined if broth could produce microbes and concluded that heating destroyed microbes and that if you prevented them from entering the broth microbes would not grow

SPALLanzani

Who is known for developing pasteurization and determined microbes are found in the air disregarding the idea of spontaneous generation.

Louis PASTEUR

Who developed techniques that lowered the risk of infection during the Crimear war?

Florence NIGHTtingale

Who said germs causes disease proving the 'germ theory'

Robert KOCH

Koch's Postulates (process to link a microbe to disease)

1. Same microbe must be present in all of those diseased; absent in healthy ppl.

2. Microbe isolated & grown in lab (pure culture).

3. Disease produced in animals inoculated (introduced) w/ the pure cult.

4. Same microbe then isolated from diseased animals.

Conclusion: now able identify microbe disease

importance of microbes

1. Recycles nature’s resources.

2. Produces food (cheese, yogurts, drinks).

3. Fertilizes soil.

4. Breaks down dead/decaying materials

one of the various microbes that are one cell organisms

Protists

Following under the protists category that are mostly aquatic and reproduce sexually and asexually. If there is to much of this growing algal blooms will be a result of-?

Algae

One of the various microbes that are animal like and live in the water and soil

protozoa

pseudopodia, plasmodium, flagella, cillia

the 4 different ways protozoa move

Protoza: Pseudopodia

• Root: ‘fake limb’

• Moves by extending fake arm → cytoplasm follows direction of arm (drags itself).

• EX: Amoeba, entamoeba histo.

Protoza: Plasmodium

• Stagnant; needs a host to spread.

• Causes malaria— Reprod. in Anopheles mosquitoes stomach→ bites & infects human’s bloodstream → new mosquito bites → infected new mosquito infects other humans

A saphrophytic organism that feeds on decaying or dead material and tend to live where bacteria doesn't.

Fungi

1/2 types of fungi that is unicellular and reproduces asexually thru 'budding' (a daughter cell).

Yeast

1/2 types of fungi that reproduces sexually and asexually (spores)

Mold

a type of worm that can be seen by the naked eye

helminth- flatworms

a tapered pin worm spread through the mouth

hemi- roundworms

2 micro-organisms that are prokaryotic (no nucleus = no DNA), live singly, in pairs, or in clusters in moist environments

bacteria and archae

meaning their cells lack a nuclei (& DNA)

prokaryotic

is a eukaryotic micro-organism

fungi

single cell eukaryocytes

protozoa

scientist that first hypothesized that medical personnel can infect patients with pathogens

Ignaz SEMMelweis

the motile feeding stage of a protozoan is called a

trophozoite

the cell walls of bacteria are composed of

peptidoglycan (PEP-CAN)

the cellular structure that is important in classifying a bacterial species as either gram-positive+ or gram-negative-

cell wall

has thick cell wall: which retains crystal violet dye

Gram positive+

has thinner cell wall & additional cell membrane: which retains pink dye

Gram negative-

what is a reproductive structure of some bacteria

endospores

what is the smallest infectious agents and smaller than bacteria

viruses

viruses are intracellular 'parasites' meaning..

they only reproduce in a living cell by using the host cell’s materials

what do we mean viruses are 'parasites'

they take from a living cell & returns nothing.

true/false

viruses show no signs of life and are non living

true

the inner coat of a virus consists of

capsid (protein) & DNA OR RNA

Bacteriophage: Lytic Cycle

TLDR: virus sticks to lysozyme, DNA enters, makes proteins, kills & escape.

1. Virus attaches to enzyme’s bacterium called lysozyme (breaks cell wall).

2. Viral DNA enters; capsid stays outside.

3. Viral DNA makes RNA → viral protein: some destroy host’s DNA.

4. New virus breaks out of host = killing host → escapes.

Bacteriophage: Lysogenic Cycle

TLDR: breaks into host cells & attaches itself; virus → prophage; reprod. when host prod.; can go lytic & kill host.

1. Virus attaches to host → DNA enters

2. Some viruses attach their DNA to the host’s DNA

3. Now called provirus/prophage (norm. doesn’t harm host).

4. Viral DNA reprod. when host’s cells reprod. → virus make repressor protein = prevents DNA changing into RNA

5. UV light, X-rays, & drugs can stim. prophage to enter lytic state by destroying/inactivating repressive protein = new viruses & dead host.

when a virus steals the host DNA and take it to another cell this is called..

transduction: leaves some of its own DNA behind

Kinds of Viruses:

this virus causes chicken pox, rabies & AIDS

RNA viruses

Kinds of Viruses:

this virus causes rabies: falls under a type of RNA virus

retroviruse

enzyme in HIV & changes RNA to DNA

transcriptase

trans- ’across’; script- ‘copy write’; ase- enzyme suffix

during transcriptase the viral DNA can attack the host DNA, this is called:

provirus

Animal virus characteristics

Reprod. similar to bacteria. phages.

1. those w/ envelopes attaches to host cell’s membrane

2. →nucletic acid’s capsid enters host: fusion OR

3. entire virus enter: pinocytosis

Growing viruses in the lab:

may be grown in a petri dish containing bacteria. The phages reproduce in the bacteria and lyce; break them open.

Phages

Growing viruses in the lab:

may be grown in tissue culture. Tumor cells are collected, typically nerve cells and kept alive in a flask w/ food. The virus is injected and multiplies and lyses in the cells so the virus is collected.

Animal Viruses

Growing viruses in the lab:

an animal egg used to grow many viruses

a live chicken egg

Growing viruses in the lab: (pick one)

some viruses are grown in (alive/dead) animals.

alive

infectious proteins that have NO DNA or RNA which convert a normal protein → new prion protein shape. Norm. in brain and destroying it.

Prions

Bacterial cells structure and function:

an example of the cell would be bacteria or archae; don’t have a nucleus (= no DNA or organelles surrounded by a membrane.)

prokaryotic cells

Bacterial cells structure and function:

an example of these cells would be animal, plant, fungi, algae, protozoa;

does have a nucleus w/ DNA and organelles surrounded by a membrane( more complex cells)

eukaryotic cells

the smallest free living(no host needed) organisms

bacteria

the smallest form of bacteria that can live in the respiratory and genital urinary tracks

mycoplasma

largest form of bacteria that can be seen by the naked eye (2 answers)

CHROMatium and SpirILLIUM

The 3 different shapes of bacteria

• coccus: sphere/round

• spirillum: spirals

• bacillus: rod

Shapes of bacteria continued:

remain joined after dividing once (hint: like conjoined twins)

diplococci/ dipiobacilli

*root 'di' means 2

remains chained together after to dividing in one plane

streptococci/streptobacilli

divides randomly in many planes. caused by not enough food or the microbe may be grown w/ antibodies that stop the enzyme needed for cell separation

staphylococci

*root 'staph' meaning a bundle

The cell:

regulates the cell movement of materials in n out of cell; contains bi-layer

cell membrane

within the cell membrane, what is it made up of?

proteins and lipids

within the cell membrane, there are many phosopholipids(fats) within the bi-layer. What do these phosopholipids contain?

a hydrophobic(scared) end and a hydrophilic(loving) end

water hating end of phosopholipid that extends inwards

hydrophobic end

water loving end of phosophilipid that extends outward

hydrophilic end

within the cell membrane these move materials across the membrane, makes membrane, & cell wall materials

proteins

the cell membrane has 2 types of proteins these are..

1. intergral or INtrinsic proteins; anterior (front) of membrane

2. peripheral or EXTrinsic proteins; loosly connected to membrane

cell structure that is external to cell membrane

cell wall

the cell wall consist of peptidoglycan which is...

2 sugars linked together

What are the 2 linked sugars that form peptidoglycan?

NAG (glucose) & NAM (muramic)

NAM

• has 4 amino acids attached to it (tetrapeptide)

• cross bridges are formed with adjacent tetrapeptide by bridges of glycines (an amino acid)

this makes the peptidoglycan..

strong

Bacteria w/ thick peptidoglycan (cell wall) layer

gram positive bacteria

Bacteria w/ thin peptidoglycan (cell wall) layer

gram negative bacteria

Gram Staining

TLDR: Purple = gram negative; Red = gram positive (bacteria positive: bact. present)

• 1st stains gram & cells → cells turn purple; alcohol decolorizes purple from gram-cells.

• Last stain (red) safrarin stains gram-positive-cells red/pink; while gram & cell keeps og purple color.

form of bacterium that doesn't have a cell wall but a tough cell membrane

mycoplasma

What part of the cell wall in gram negative bacteria makes them more resistant to certain chemicals and detergents?

The outer membrane

the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria is made up phospholipids and proteins, lipoproteins (attaches to peptidglycan), and

LipopolySaccaride- molecules (LPS); has 3 main parts

1st part of the LPS that stimulates us to make antibodies

O antigen

2nd part of the LPS: made up of polysaccharides(sugars)

Core

3rd part of LPS; referred as endotoxin and is toxic; causes rashes, fever and shock

Lipid A

Space between the cell membrane and the outer membrane in gram negative bacteria; contains proteins and peptidoglycan

periplasmic space

• referred to as a slime layer & is external in some bacteria.

• Contains proteins and sugars.

• Prevents dehydration in microbes: helps them to attach various surfaces and protects them from being swallowed and killed by WBC's

capsule

longer, thin protein structures on some bacteria, mostly gram negative, that attaches them to other cells

fimbriae (pilli)

Kind of bacteria that attaches to cells in the reproductive track where sex pilli helps transfer genes between bacteria: known as conjunction

Neisseri Gonorrhpeae

long thin structures from the cell membrane or cell wall, that rotate causing the cell to move generally toward food, light or oxygen or away from poisons( positive and negative chemotaxis)

flagella

when flagella moves towards food, light, or oxygen

positive chemotaxis

when flagella moves away from poisons

negative chemotaxis

types of flagella:

cluster of flagella at one or both ends (polar if at one end)

lophotriccus

types of flagella:

flagella that spreads over the entire surface

peritrichous bacteria

‘peri’ = around; ‘trichious’ = hair

types of flagella:

group of flagella at each end

amphitrichous bacteria

‘amph’ = on both sides; ‘trichious’ = hair

location of the one chromosome in a bacteria which contains a single, circluar DNA

nucleiod

DNA outside the chromosome

plasmid

contains ribosomes- where proteins are made

cytoplasma

within the cytoplasma _____ is found in some photosynthetic bacteria that stores gases* for buoyancy in water- mostly live in water

gas vacuoles

a resistent cell type ( a spore within a spore*)- some bacteria enter a state of dormancy when stressed and survive lack of food, h20, high heat, disinfectants, or U.V radiation- no life activities.

endospores

1

Pilus

2

Cytoplasm

3

70S Ribosomes