SYSTEMATICS GROUP 2: DIVERSITY AND CLASSIFICATION OF FLOWERING PLANTS

Amborella trichopoda

amborella is a monotypic genus, meaning it includes only one species, ___

Amborellaceae; Amborellales

Amborella trichopoda belongs to the family ___ and the order ___

Grande Terre, New Caledonia

Amborella is native to the main island of ___ in the southwest Pacific Ocean and grows as an understory shrub or small tree

sister group

Amborella is significant in plant systematics for its position as the ___ to all other flowering plants, making it an important model for studying early angiosperm evolution

basal lineage

Amborella is widely recognized as the most ___ of living angiosperms

130 mya

the APG III and APG IV classification system place Amborellaceae in a monotypic order, acknowledging its early evolutionary divergence over ___ (mya)

dioecious shrub or small tree

amborella is a ____, typically up to 8 meters in height

- alternate, simple evergreen
- two ranked, serrated or rippled

amborella has ___, ___ leaves, with ___, ___, or ___ margins

stipules

amborella leaves lack ___

actinomorphic

amborella flowers are small, unisexual, ___ flowers with radial symmetry

axillary cymes

amborella flowers are arranged in ___

tepals; spiral arrangement

amborella flowers have undifferentiated __ in a __, sometimes whorled

stamen; triangular anthers; longitudinally

male amborella flowers contain numerous ___ with ___ that dehisce ___

superior; single ovule

female amborella flowers have ___ ovaries with a ___ per pistil

vessel elements; tracheids

amborella lacks ___ in xylem, containing only ___

understory, moisture rich habitat

amborella's lack of vessel elements is considered an ancestral characteristic, adapted to the ___

ovoid red drupe, 5-7 mm

amborella fruit is an ____, about ___ in size

papery skin; lignified pericarp

amborella fruit has ___ and a single seed surrounded by ___

small embryo; endosperm

amborella seed contains a ___ with abundant ___

- absence of vessel elements
- simplified floral structures
- unique embryo sac

genomic characteristics of amborella include: (3)

horizontal gene transfer

amborella has evidence of ___ from shade and moisture dependent organisms

nymphaeales

an order of flowering plants commonly known as water lilies

freshwater environments

nymphaeales thrive in ___

Bottom of water bodies

water lilies are rooted in the soil at the ___, with their leaves and flowers floating on or rising above the surface

- hydatellaceae
- cabombaceae
- nymphaceae

3 families in nymphaeales

hydatellaceae

known as the water lily family, includes 3 genera and 58 species

grass-like aquatic; submerged

hydatellaceae are ____ herbs that may be ___

tiny; stalked clusters

hydatellaceae flowers are ___ and aggregated into ____ (headlike)

simple; broad

hydatellaceae leaves are ___ and not ___

cabomba and brasenia

cabombaceae, encompassing water shields and fanworts, consists of two genera: ___ and ___

dimorphic, floating, or submerged

cambobaceae exhibit a diverse growth habit, either being ___ (with two distinct forms), ___ or ___

broad; undivided or highly divided

cabombaceae leaves are ___ and can either be ___ or ___

atactostelic stems

a unique feature of Cabombacaea is their ___, which resemble those found in monocots

large and bisexual; 2 to 4

cabombaceae flowers are ___ and ___, with a calyx composed of ___ sepals

superior

cabombaceae ovary is ___, meaning it is positioned above the other floral parts

nymphaceae

the family which includes the genus hydatella and comprises 12 species which features solitary flowers that can float or be emergent

broad, alternate, simple, long-petioled; float or be immersed

nymphaceae leaves are ___, ___, ___, ___ and can either ___ or be ___

large, showy and hermaphrodite

nymphaceae flowers are ___, ___ and ___

either superior or inferior

nymphaceae ovary postion can be ___

4 to 6; 14; laminar stamens

nymphaceae calyx is made of up to ____ sepals, although some species may have up to ___ sepals. the inner parts of the corolla transition into ___

broad, flat, and often round; underwater rhizomes

nymphaeales leaves are ___, ___ and often ___, supported by long petioles that emerge from ___

flexible and hollow

nymphaeales stems are ___ and ___, allowing them to float and sway with water currents

large and showy; more than 10

nymphaeales flowers are usually ___ and ___, featuring multiple petals (often more than ___) and may vary in color

numerous; spiral pattern

nymphaeales reproductive structures including stamens and carpels are typically ___ and arranged in a ___

mix of tracheids and vessel elements

xylem in nymphaeales is characterized by ____

efficient water transport

the presence of vessels in nymphaeales is significant for ___, essential for survival in aquatic environments

flowers; rhizomes

nymphaeales can reproduce sexually through ___ that attract pollinators and asexually via ___ that develop new plants

berry; can be dispersed by water

nymphaeales fruit is typically a ___ that develops underwater, containing seeds that can be ___

austrobaileyales

an order of flowering plants containing approximately 100 species of woody plants, including trees, shrubs and lianas

ANA grade (amborellales, nymphaeales, austrobaileyales)

austrobaileyales is considered part of the basal angiosperms, called ___, which diverged early from the remaining flowering plants

magnoliids

austrobaileyales is classified under the ___, a clade that is considered to have diverged early in the evolution of angiosperms

alternate; simple or compound structures

austrobaileyales leaves are typically ___, with ___ or ___ structures

leathery; arranged spirally

austrobaileyales leaves often have a ___ texture and are arranged ___

robust; secondary growth

austrobaileyales stem is generally ___, with a distinct growth habit and can exhibit ___

solitary; small clusters

austrobaileyales flowers are usually ___ or arranged in ___, often featuring numerous spirally arranged petals and sepals

beetles or other insects

many austrobaileyales species are pollinated by ___ or ___, which is indicative of their primitive traits

mix of vessel elements and tracheids

austrobaileyales xylem structure is characterized by ___, reflecting their ancient lineage and adaptation to a variety of ecological niches

fleshy or dry; dehiscent or indehiscent

austrobaileyales fruits can be __ or __, with a __ or __ nature

large; dispersed by animals

austrobaileyales seeds are often __ and are dispersed by __

hermaphroditism

many austrobaileyales species exhibit unique strategies for reproduction, including ___, which enhances their ability to cross pollinate

magnoliids

one of the four primary clades of flowering plants including monocots, eudicots and basal angiosperms

magnoliids

an ancient dicotyledonous lineage with evolutionary characteristics showing early angiosperms and more derived flowering plants

magnoliids

this group is known for its diverse forms which are primarily trees and shrubs although there are some herbaceous species present

- magnoliales
- laurales
- canellales
- piperales

magnoliids are classified into 4 main orders

magnoliales

includes notable families such as magnoliaceae (magnolia family) and myristicaceae (nutmeg family)

magnoliales

members of this order often exhibit large, fragrant flowers and serve significant ecological roles in their habitats

laurales

contains the lauraceae family, which includes avocados (Persea americana) and bay laurels

laurel plants (laurales)

typically have aromatic oils and simple, evergreen leaves

canellales

known for the canellaceae and winteraceae families, species in this order produce fragrant oils and includes plants used for spices and medicinal purposes

piperales

includes the piperaceae (pepper family), saururaceae, and aristolochiaceae

small herbs to woody vines

piperales species range from ___ to ___, many of which have culinary or medicinal applications

woody plants; herbaceous

magnoliids are primarily ___, including trees, shrubs and lianas, although some are ___

simple; broad; leathery texture

magnoliids leaves are usually ___, ___ and often have a ___ texture

spirally or alternately

magnoliids leaves are typically arranged __ or __ on the stem

oil cells

magnoliid leaves often have ___ that have aromatic compounds which give their characteristic fragrance

large, showy, and generally bisexual

magnoliids flowers are often ___, ___, and generally ___ (have both male and female reproductive organs)

separate sepals and petals; arranged in a spiral or whorl

the perianth (non-reproductive part) in magnoliids is often similar with ___ arranged in a ___

spirally arranged stamens and carpels

magnoliid flowers have numerous ____ (primitive floral organization)

primitive arrangement

the reproductive parts of magnoliids often display a ___, lacking distinct floral whorls seen in more derived angiosperms

tracheids rather than vessel elements

magnoliids xylem is composed mainly of ___

relatively simple and less efficient

if vessel elements are present in magnoliids, they are ___ compared to those of more derived flowering plants

sexually with their flowers

magnoliids reproduce ___ with their ___ adapted for pollination by insects

fleshy to dry

magnoliids fruits are highly diverse, ranging from ___

aggregate fruits

many magnoliid species produce ___ derived from the fusion of multiple carpels

well-developed endosperm; fleshy arils

magnoliid seeds often have a ____ and may be enclosed in ___ or other structures that aid in seed disperal

habitats and food

magnoliids contribute significantly to ecosystems as they provide ___ for numerous species in tropical and subtropical regions

timber, spices, and medicinal compounds

economically, magnoliids offer various resources such as ___ (e.g., magnolias), ___ (e.g., black pepper from Piper nigrum and nutmeg from Myristica), and ___

pharmaceutical, fragrance, and culinary industries

magnoliid essential oils, derived from leaves and bark, are widely used in the ___, ___ and ___

ceratophyllales (ceratophyllum)

are submerged aquatic plants that are mostly free-floating in freshwater lakes, ponds, and slow-moving water

aquatic insects and invertebrates

seratophyllum is a breeding site for ___, including malaria-carrying mosquitoes

waterways; aquarium plants

ceratophyllum can rapidly choke ___ and several species are used as ___

true roots; whorled; toothed

ceratophyllum lacks ___ and has dissected, ___ leaves with ___ margins

ceratophyllaceae; ceratophyllum

ceratophyllales contains a single family ___ with one cosmopolitan genus ___ containing 10 species

whorled; hair-like segments

ceratophyllales leaves are ___, dissected into fine, ___

slender, branched and fragile

ceratophyllales stems are __, __ and __

separate plants

in ceratophyllales, male and female flower occur on ___

lack of sepals and petals

ceratophyllales flowers have a lack of ___

released into the water and carried by currents

ceratophyllales pollen is released into ___ and carried by ___

numerous stamens arranged spirally on a receptacle

male ceratophyllales flowers consist of numerous ___ arranged ___

single pistil with a superior ovary and a long, spiny style

female ceratophyllales flowers consists of a ___ with a __ and a ___