PSYC111 MODULE 11: THEORIES OF PERSONALITY

Personality

Origin: "Persona" (Latin word)

Persona

Theatrical masks worn by Roman actors (Greek Dramas)

True

True or False: There is no single definition that is acceptable to all personality theories

Personality (According to Feist & Feist, 2018)

Is a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics

Traits

Contributes to individual differences in behavior

Traits

Referred to as the consistency of behavior over time

Traits

Stability of behavior across situations

Traits

Can be uniquecommon or shared with the entire species but its pattern is unique and different from each individual

Characteristics

Unique qualities of a person which includes attributes such as temperament, physique, or intelligence

Characteristics

Physiological feature of an individual

Theory

A tool used to generate research and organized observations but neither truth nor facts has a place in scientific terminology

Theory

Is a set of related assumptions that allows scientists to use logical deductive reasoning to formulate testable hypothesis

Assumption

A realistic expectation which is something that we believe is true

Assumption

An act of faith which does not have empirical evidence to support

Assumption

A thing that is accepted as true or certain even without proof

Assumptions

Are basically beliefs and ideas that we hold to be true

Assumptions

Often with little or no evidence

Assumptions

Beliefs about the variables

Assumptions

Based on these beliefs, researchers attempt to discover correlation

Hypothesis

A prediction

Hypothesis

Can be statistically tested

Hypothesis

Prediction of relationship between two or more variables

Hypothesis

Predict a relation between variables and tested statistically to conclude a study

(Dimensions for) Concept of Humanity

Are the basis of how the theories are grouped into five major perspectives in Psychology

1. Determinism vs Freewill

2. Pessimism vs Optimism

3. Causality vs Teleology

4. Conscious vs Unconscious

5. Biological vs Social Influences

6. Uniqueness vs Similarities

The (6) Concepts of Humanity

Determinism

People's behavior determined by forces or motives which they have no control such as their past experiences

Freewill

Is about people's ability to be what they wish to be

Pessimism

People are doomed to live miserable, conflicted, and troubled lives

Optimism

People change and grow into psychologically healthy, happy, and fully functioning individual

Causality

Holds that behavior is a function of a past experience

Teleology

Explanation of behavior in terms of future goals and purposes

Conscious

People are ordinarily aware of what they are doing and why they are doing it

Unconscious

Unconscious forces impinge on people and drive them to act without awareness

Biological

A personal characteristic or trait is a result of heredity

Social Influences

People's behavior are environmentally determined and shaped by social relationships

Uniqueness

Study of personality should focus on individual's uniqueness

Similarities

Study of personality should focus on how people's behavior are similar with each other

1. Early years of life most shape personality.

2. Unconscious concepts are most important.

3. Neurosis results from unhealthy moving toward, against, and away.

Primary Assumptions in: Psychodynamic Perspective

1. Sigmund Freud

2. Alfred Adler

3. Carl Jung

4. Melanie Klein

5. Karen Horney

6. Eric Erikson

7. Erich Fromm

Key Figures of: Psychodynamic Perspective

Psychodynamic Perspective

Early years of life most shape personality

Psychodynamic Perspective

Unconscious concepts are most important

Psychodynamic Perspective

Neurosis results from unhealthy moving toward, against, and away

1. The only explanation of behavior is that conditions create behavior.

2. Learning occurs through associations and consequences of behaviors.

3. Learning also occurs through succeeding or failing or watching other people succeed or fail.

Primary Assumptions in: Behavioral, Social Learning & Social Cognitive

1. Albert Bandura

2. B.F Skinner

3. Ivan Pavlov

Key Figures in: Behavioral, Social Learning & Social Cognitive Perspective

Behavioral, Social Learning & Social Cognitive Perspective

The only explanation of behavior is that conditions create behavior

Behavioral, Social Learning & Social Cognitive Perspective

Learning occurs through associations and consequences of behaviors

Behavioral, Social Learning & Social Cognitive Perspective

Learning also occurs through succeeding or failing or watching other people succeed or fail

1. People strive to live a meaningful and a happy life.

2. People are motivated by growth and psychological health.

3. Personality is shaped by freedom of choice, response to anxiety and awareness of death.

Primary Assumptions in: Humanistic & Existential Perspective

1. Abraham Maslow

2. Carl Rogers

3. Rollo May

4. Victor Frankl

Key Figures in: Humanistic & Existential Perspective

Humanistic & Existential Perspective

People strive to live a meaningful and a happy life

Humanistic & Existential Perspective

People are motivated by growth and psychological health

Humanistic & Existential Perspective

Personality is shaped by freedom of choice, response to anxiety and awareness of death

1. People are predisposed to behave in a unique and consistent ways (they have unique traits).

2. There are different numbers of dimensions in human personality.

Primary Assumptions in: Dispositional (Trait) Perspective

1. Gordon Allport

2. Hans Eysenck

3. McCrae & Costa

Key Figures in: Dispositional (Trait) Perspective

Dispositional (Trait) Perspective

People are predisposed to behave in a unique and consistent ways (they have unique traits)

Dispositional (Trait) Perspective

There are different numbers of dimensions in human personality

1. Personality develops as an interaction between internal and external choices.

2. The cognitive constructs we develop to perceive the world and others mold our personalities.

Primary Assumptions in: Cognitive Perspective

1. George Kelly

2. Jean Piaget

Key Figures in: Cognitive Perspective

Cognitive Perspective

Personality develops as an interaction between internal and external choices

Cognitive Perspective

The cognitive constructs we develop to perceive the world and others mold our personalities

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