lecture exam 2

what are the functions of skeletal muscles

produce skeletal movement

maintain posture and body position

protection and support of abdominopelvic organs

regulate entering and exiting material

maintain body temperature

what is a tendon

connects muscle to bone or ligaments

what does the deep fascia do

covers muscle

what is a fascicle

bundles of muscle fibers

what muscles rotate neck

splenius

sternocleidomastoid

what are the 4 patterns for fascicle arrangement

parallel

convergent

circular

pennate

what are parallel muscles

fascicles are parallel to axis of muscle

what is transverse tendinous tissue

tendinous tissue that may interrupt parallel muscles at regular intervals

what is fusiform

tapered ends or spindle-shape of parallel muscles

what is the advantage of parallel muscles

mobility and speed of motion

what are convergent muscles

start broad and come together at a common point

why are convergent muscle versatile

direction of pull can be changed depending on the portion of muscle being stimulated

what type of mobility do convergent muscles produce

reasonable

what type of force can convergent muscles produce

moderate to high levels

what is an example of parallel muscles

biceps, hamstrings, rectus abdominis

what is another name for convergent muscles

triangular

what is another name for circular muscles

sphincteral

what are circular muscles

concentric rings

what do circular muscles do

constrict an opening when contracting

what is an example of circular muscles

orbicularis oris muslces

what is another name for pennate muscles

featherlike arrangement

what are pennate muscles

fibers form a oblique angle to tendon

what is a unipennate muscle

filers arranged on the same side of the tendon

what is a bipennate

fibers arranged on both side of the tendon

what is a multipennate muscle

the tendon branches within the muscle

what are pennate muscles designed for

strength and power

what do tendons do

attach muscles to bone cartilage ligaments or fascia

what is a broad flat tendon called

aponeuroses

what is the fixed position of a muscle called

origin

what is the moveable position of a muscle called

insertion

what do muscles do

pull never push

what are the two methods of describing muscle actions

bone region

specific joint

what is a agonist muscle also known as

prime mover

what is a agonist muscle

muscle used to achieve intended movement

what is a antagonist muscle

actions oppose intended movement

what is a synergist muscle

assists the agonist muscle

how does a synergist muscle work

contribute tension or stabilize or fixate the less mobile attachment (origin)

what does the orbicularis oris m do

compresses and purses lips

what does the zygomaticus minor m do

retracts and elevates upper lip

what does the zygomaticus major m do

retracts and elevates corner of mouth (like laughing)

what does the buccinator m do

compresses cheeks

what does the risorius m do

draws corner of mouth laterally

what does the mentalis m do

protrude and evert lower lip

what does the orbicularis oculi m do

closes eye

what does the corrugated supercilii m do

pulls skin inferiorly and medially

creates vertical frown lines at the bridge of the nose

what does the procerus m do

created horizontal frown lines at the bridge of the nose

what does the nasalis m do

compresses bridge

depresses tip of nose

elevate corner of nostrils

what is the tendon at the top of head called

epicranial aponeurosis

what is another name for epicranial aponeurosis

galea aponeurotica

what does the frontal belly of occipitofrontalis m do

raises eyebrows

wrinkles forehead

what does the occipital belly of occipitofrontalis m do

tenses and retracts scalp

what is the auricularis m

muscles around the ear divided into 3 muscles

(anterior, posterior, superior)

what does the platysma m do

tenses skin of neck

pulls lower lip inferiorly

what does the masseter m do

closes jaw

assists in protection & retraction

side to side movement of the mandible

what does the temporalis m do

closes jaw

assists in retracting

moving mandible side to side

what muscles move the mandible side to side

masseter and temporalis

what is the unilateral action of the sternocleidomastoid m

laterally flexes head to same side

rotates head opposite side

what is the bilateral action of the sternocleidomastoid m

flexes neck

protracts head

aids in inhalation

what does the scalene m do

flexes and side bends the neck

elevates ribs 1 and 2

aids in inhalation

what muscles flexes the neck

sternocleidomastoid and scalenes

what muscles laterally flexes neck

sternocleidomastoid

scalene

splenius

what does the superficial layer of back muscles do

extend from the axial skeleton to upper limbs

what does the intermediate layer of back muscles do

extend from the axial skeleton to either the appendicular skeleton or rib cage

what does the deep layer of back muscles do

interconnect and stabilize the vertebrae

arranged in superficial intermediate and deep layers

what are the superficial back muscles

appendicular muscles

what are the intermediate back muscles

serratus posterior superior and inferior

what are the intrinsic superficial muscles

splenius capitis

what are the intrinsic intermediate muscles

erector spinae

what are the intrinsic deep muscles

semispinales capitis

multifidus

rotatores

interspinales

intertranscersarius

what does the serratus posterior superior m do

elevates ribs

aid in inhalation

what does the serratus posterior inferior m do

depresses ribs

aids in exhalation

what is the unilateral action of the splenius m

rotates and laterally flexes neck

what is the bilateral action of splenius m

extends head/neck

what are the 3 parts of erector spinae mm

iliocostalis group

longissimus group

spinalis group

what is the action of the erector spinae mm

extend and stabilize the spine

lateral flexion

what makes up the iliocostalis column (iliocostalis _________)

cervicis

thoracis

lumborum

what makes up the longissimus column (longissimus ________)

capitis

cervicis

thoracis

what makes up the spinalis column (spinalis _________)

cervicis

capitis

thoracis

what is the collective action of all deep intrinsic back muscles

stabilizes and provide delicate adjustment of vertebrae

slightly extend and rotate vertebrae

what is the unilateral action of the quadratus lumborum m

laterally flexes vertebral column

what is the bilateral action of the quadratus lumborum m

depresses ribs during forced exhalation

stabilizes diaphragm during inhalation

what is the action of external intercostals m

elevates ribs

what does the internal intercostals m do

depresses ribs

what does the transversus thoracis m do

minimal significance

depresses ribs

what does the diaphragm do

contraction expands thoracic cavity

compresses abdominopelic cavity

what is the common function of abdominal wall

support and protect abdominal organs

increase abdominal pressure

what does the rectus abdominis m do

flexes vertebral column

acts to resist vertebral motion

forced exhalation

what does the pyramidalis m do

tenses linea alba

what is the pyramidalis m

triangular muscle anterior to the rectus within rectus sheath

missing in 2-% of people

what does the external abdominal oblique m do

depresses ribs

flexes and laterally rotates vertebral column to the opposite side

what does the internal abdominal oblique m do

depresses ribs

flexes

lateral rotates vertebral column to same side

what does the transversus abdominins m do

compresses abdomen

forced exhalation

what is the rectus sheath

aponeurotic extension of 3 abdominal muscles

what does the superior fibers of trapezius m do

elevates scapula

extends and flexes neck laterally

what does the middle fibers of the trapezius m do

retract scapula

what does the inferior fibers of trapezius do

depresses scapula

what does the collective trapezius m do

lateral rotation of scapula

what does the levator scapulae m do

elevates

slightly medially rotates scapula

extends and bends neck laterally

what does the rhomboideus minor/major m do

elevates retracts (adducts) and slightly medially rotates scapula

what does the pectoralis minor m do

depresses

protracts and internally rotates scapula