CH 24, 25, 26 Quizes

Which muscle(s) are responsible for pushing the bolus towards the esophagus?

pharyngeal constrictors

Cells that are rapidly undergoing mitosis constantly repair and renew the lining of the pharynx and the esophagus, which is particularly vulnerable to abrasion associated with swallowing. Which of the following terms best describes this lining?

mucosa

Damage due to puncturing or piercing of what structure would cause peritonitis?

visceral peritoneum, serous membranes, and parietal peritoneum

Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion?

pancreas

Which of the following is not a function of the digestive system?

filtration

Waves of muscular contractions that propel the contents of the digestive tract are called

peristalsis

Which of the following contains adipose tissue and provides padding for the anterior and lateral portions of the abdomen?

greater omentum

Which organ is responsible for dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials?

large intestine

The greater omentum is

a fatty sheet that hangs like an apron over the abdominal viscera.

The movement of nutrients from the digestive tract lumen across the epithelium is called

absorption

The process of defecation eliminates

feces

Becky is experiencing indigestion and pain. The doctor also notes ascites formation in her abdomen. What is ascites?

buildup of peritoneal fluid in the peritoneal cavity

The functions of the oral cavity include all of the following except

absorption of monosaccharides

Functions of the tongue include all of the following except

partitioning the oropharynx from the nasopharynx

The crown of a tooth is covered by

enamel

The space between the cheeks or lips and the teeth is called the

vestibule

The technical term for chewing is

mastication

Name the region of the stomach that connects to the esophagus

cardia

Functions of the stomach include all of the following except

absorption of triglycerides

Parietal cells secrete

hydrochloric acid

Chief cells secrete

pepsinogen

G cells of the stomach secrete

gastrin

The part of the stomach that functions as a mixing chamber for food and secretions is the

body

The region of the stomach that empties into the duodenum is the

pyloric part

The prominent ridges in the lining of the empty stomach are called

rugae

Gastric pits are

openings into gastric glands

The enzyme pepsin digests

proteins

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term gastrin?

stimulates gastric secretion

The gastric phase of gastric secretion is triggered by the

entry of food into the stomach

The stomach is different from other digestive organs in that it

has three layers of muscle in the muscularis externa

Which is not a reason the stomach is acidic?

Emulsification of lipids.

Which of the following is true regarding digestion and absorption in the stomach?

Protein digestion begins in the stomach

The cells in the gastric mucosa near the openings of the gastric pits largely specialize in secreting __________.

mucus

The fusion of the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct forms the

bile duct

In the center of a liver lobule there is a

central vein

The exocrine portion of the pancreas is composed of

pancreatic acini.

The basic functional units of the liver are the

lobules

The structure that marks the division between the right and left lobes of the liver is the

falciform ligament

Bile is stored in the

gallbladder

A proenzyme secreted by the pancreas is

trypsinogen

Blockage of the common hepatic duct would interfere with digestion of

fats

Which of the following is not a component of the portal triad found at the edges of a liver lobule?

central vein

An obstruction of the bile duct often results in

undigested fat in the feces.

Tom has hepatitis, an inflammation of the liver. Which of the following symptoms would you expect to observe in Tom?

Jaundice

In response to the hormone secretin, the pancreas secretes a fluid

rich in bicarbonate ion

In response to the hormone cholecystokinin, the pancreas secretes a fluid

rich in enzymes

Bile salts aid in the digestion of fats by ________ large fat droplets.

emulsifying

Your patient with liver failure has a firm, rounded abdomen due to accumulation of fluid. This is known clinically as

ascites

Pancreatic juice enters the small intestine at the

duodenal papilla

The enzyme alpha-amylase that digests polysaccharides is secreted by the __________

pancreas

Circular folds and intestinal villi

increase the surface area of the mucosa of the small intestine.

The duodenal ampulla receives secretions from the

bile duct and the pancreatic duct

The portion of the small intestine that attaches to the cecum is the

ileum

The intestinal hormone that stimulates the pancreas to release a watery, bicarbonate-rich fluid is

secretin

Hydrochloric acid from the stomach is neutralized in the small intestine by

bicarbonate from the pancreas

The majority of nutrient absorption occurs in the

small intestines

Brush border enzymes are found in the

microvilli

Powerful peristaltic contractions that occur a few times each day in the colon are called

mass movements

Functions of the large intestine include

reabsorption of water and compaction of feces.

At the hepatic flexure, the colon becomes the

transverse colon

Haustra are

expansible pouches of the colon

At the splenic flexure, the colon becomes the

descending colon

The pouchlike structure that joins the ileum at the ileocecal valve is the

cecum

A small, wormlike structure attached to the posteromedial surface of the cecum is the

appendix

The enzyme amylase digests

polysaccharides

An enzyme that digests proteins into peptides is

trypsin

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the

mouth

If digestion of a carbohydrate results in equal amounts of glucose and galactose, this carbohydrate is probably

lactose

Products of fat digestion are transported initially by

lymphatic vessels

Sucrose is hydrolyzed by sucrase into glucose and

fructose

Complexes of fatty acids, monoglycerides, and bile salts are called

micelles

Triglycerides, steroids, phospholipids and fat-soluble vitamins that are coated with proteins are called

chylomicrons

Chemical protein digestion begins in the

stomach

About 40 percent of the energy content of nutrients is captured as ATP. The remainder is lost as __________.

heat

The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called

metabolism

Reactions within ________ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell.

mitochondria

The first steps of catabolism generally take place in the

cytosol

When NAD+ is ________ it becomes NADH. When NADH is ________ it becomes NAD+

reduced; oxidized

The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during

the citric acid cycle

The end products of aerobic respiration are

carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

The process of synthesizing glucose from noncarbohydrates is called

gluconeogenesis

The process of glycogen formation is known as

glycogenesis

During the citric acid cycle, both NAD and FAD ________ a hydrogen atom and become ________.

gain; reduced

Through the process of __________, each glucose yields two pyruvate ions

glycolysis

The carbon dioxide released by the lungs into the atmosphere was very likely produced within __________.

the citric acid cycle

The lipoproteins that carry absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream are

chylomicrons

The complete catabolism of fatty acids is through the process called

beta-oxidation

What process(es) occur(s) during beta oxidation?

fatty acids are converted into molecules of acetyl-coA

The conversion of ammonia into a less toxic substance produces

urea

Urea is formed in the

liver

The removal of amino group from a protein to prepare it to enter the citric acid cycle is termed

deamination

Protein malnourishment may occur if the diet is deficient in

essential amino acids

The amino group that is removed from an amino acid during deamination is converted to the less toxic form of __________.

urea

When the body is relying on internal energy reserves to continue meeting its energy demands, it is in the ________ state.

postabsorptive

Frank has diabetes mellitus and his blood pH has dropped. What is the most likely cause of his acidosis?

excess ketone formation

The condition where the blood pH drops because of ketone bodies in the blood is called __________.

ketoacidosis

The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are

fats

Which statement describes the citric acid cycle?    

This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion

Which statement describes the electron transport chain?

This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration

Glycolysis produces how many pyruvate molecules and how many ATP molecules?

2 pyruvate molecules with a net gain of 2 ATP molecules