Module 7 - Kantian Ethics and the Categorical Imperitive

Limits of Knowledge

Kant believed there are inherent limits to human knowledge, emphasizing the importance of reason within those bounds. Our capacity for reason guides our understanding of morality.

Reason and Unconditional Value

Kant argues that reason is the source of humanity's unconditional value, shared by all rational beings. This inherent value is linked to the concept of "good will."

Good Will

Acting out of a sense of duty, driven by reason and a commitment to moral law, rather than inclination or self-interest.

Universality and Necessity

Moral actions must be universalizable—applicable to all rational beings in all situations—and necessary. Reason dictates that if an action is morally right, it must be done.

Hypothetical Imperatives

Actions based on conditional desires or goals (e.g., "If I want to be healthy, I should exercise").

Categorical Imperative

Unconditional moral commands that apply regardless of personal desires or goals.

Formula of Universal Law

Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law. (Can this action be consistently applied by everyone without contradiction?)

Formula of Humanity

Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never merely as a means to an end, but always at the same time as an end. (Treat all people with respect, recognizing their inherent worth.)

Formula of Autonomy

Act as if you were through your maxims a law-making member of a kingdom of ends. (Act as a self-governing rational being contributing to a moral community.)

Kingdom of Ends Formula

the human being as a part of a world community which is willfully and dynamically created by rational beings having sight of the possible and necessary ends for themselves and for the world.