Biology 1 - Macromolecules Test - Presley Shumate 2022

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

Store quick energy, structural

What are the three monomers of carbohydrates?

glucose, fructose, galactose

What is a monosaccharide?

One simple sugar in carbohydrates

What is a disaccharide?

Two simple sugars in carbohydrates

What is an example of a disaccharide?

sucrose, lactose

What is a polysaccharide?

More than two sugars in carbohydrates

What are the similarities and differences between Chitin and Cellulose?

Chitin is an animals and cellulose is in plants

What are the similarities/differences between starch and glycogen?

Starch is in plants and glycogen is in animals. They both function as energy storage molecules.

We can digest starch, but we cannot digest cellulose. Why?

Humans don't have the enzymes to digest cellulose.

What are the functions of lipids?

Store long-term energy

What are the two parts of the triglyceride?

glycerol and fatty acids

What's the different between saturated, unsaturated and trans fats?

Saturated fats: one bond, as many hydrogens as possible, found in animal products, butter
Unsaturated fats: double bond, bend, ex: peanut butter, olive oil
Trans fats: straight bond, missing hydrogens, not natural, ex: cakes, pies

What is a phospholipid?

Water tail

What is a phospholipid's function?

They make up the cell membrane, used for and to transport energy, protect the cell

What does hydrophobic mean?

fear/hates water

What does hydrophilic mean?

Loves water

What part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic/hydrophilic?

hydrophilic = head hydrophobic = tail

What are the protein monomers called?

amino acids

What are the polymers of protein called?

polypeptides

What are the functions of proteins?

structure, transport, immune system, cell communication

What are the functional groups (parts) of every amino acid?

3 parts = amire group, carboxyl group, hydrogen group, R variable

What is the only part that differs between amino acids?

The R variable

Enzymes are proteins, what do enzymes do?

speed up reactions, break down chemicals

What affects enzyme reaction rates?

temperature, ph, substrate concentrations

How do temperature, pH, and substrate concentration affect enzyme activity?

It can cause an enzyme to lose ability to bind a substrate

What are Nucleic Acid monomers called?

nucleotide, nucleic acid

What are the 5 monomers of nucleic acids?

uracil, cytosine, thymine, adenine, and guanine.

What are two examples of a nucleic acid polymer?

DNA and RNA

What are the functions of nucleic acids?

transport and store genetic material

What are the 3 parts of every single nucleotide?

phosphate, sugar, N-base

What is the only part that differs between nucleotides?

the phosphate group

How do nucleotides connect together to form polymers?

Nucleotides are joined together by covalent bonds between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the third carbon atom of the pentose sugar in the next nucleotide. This produces an alternating backbone of sugar - phosphate - sugar - phosphate all along the polynucleotide chain.

What are the differences between DNA and RNA?

DNA = deoxyribose, 2 missing oxygen, double-stranded sugar phosphate, G,T,A,C, base pair
RNA = G,U,A,C, single-stranded sugar phosphate, has an oxygen on 2, ribose

How do you draw a Nucleic acid Polymer?

draw DNA and RNA

What does antiparallel mean?

parallel but moving in opposite directions