ap bio final activities quiz review

how do greenhouse gases contribute to global warming?

greenhouse gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere (infrared radiation), preventing it from escaping into space, which leads to an increase in global temperatures.

after co2 enters the grass, how do carbon atoms in co2 become carbon atoms in organic molecules?

through photosynthesis (calvin cycle) - co2 is taken in through the stomata which is then attached to RuBp to turn it into an organic molecule

some organic molecules in the grass and cow are used in the process that PRODUCES co2. name this process

cellular respiration

How is cellular respiration useful for the grass and the cow?

it helps them break down organic molecules for energy usage (in the form of ATP).

in a balanced carbon cycle, the amount of CO2 that plants use for photosynthesis equals the amount of CO2 produced by cellular respiration in plants, animals, and other organisms. As a result of a balanced carbon cycle, the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere will ______.

stay the same

what is a way that farming increases co2 in the atmosphere?

burning of fossil fuels by cleaning the forests using a tractor.

one way to reduce co2 levels in the atmosphere is by growing forests, so the total biomass of trees on earth increases. how would growing more trees reduce the amount of co2 in the atmosphere?

Trees absorb CO2 during photosynthesis, storing carbon in their biomass and thus reducing atmospheric CO2 levels.

When people cut down trees and burn them to clear land for agriculture, this increases co2 levels in the atmosphere. explain why.

Cutting down trees decreases the number of plants available to absorb CO2, and burning trees releases stored carbon back into the atmosphere, thus increasing CO2 levels.

a cow weighs much less than the weight of all the food that the cow has ever eaten. what happened to the extra weight of the food that the cow ate? — where did the carbon atoms in the food molecules go?

The carbon in the food molecules is used by the cow for energy through respiration and is released as CO2, while some is also incorporated into the cow's body for growth and can also be excreted as feces.

why does it take more land to feed a meat eater than to feed a vegetarian?

A meat-eater is on a higher trophic level than a vegetarian. To maintain energy at the higher tropic level, it needs significantly more energy from lower levels (as only 10% is passed along)

Meat production requires significantly more land because raising animals for food involves growing crops to feed the animals, which consumes additional resources. Consequently, a meat-eater necessitates more agricultural land than a vegetarian who consumes plants directly.

which would result in more increase in co2?

1. growing enough food to feed a strict vegetarian

2. growing enough food to feed someone who eats mainly meat

Growing enough food to feed someone who eats mainly meat would result in a more significant increase in CO2 because the production of meat requires more land, resources, and energy, contributing to higher levels of carbon emissions.

nitrogen cycle steps

Nitrogen falls to the Earth by rain/precipitation. it finds its way to bacteria on the roots of the plant

1. nitrogen fixation - nitrogen and hydrogen is combined to make ammonia

2. Nitrification - ammonia is combined with bacteria and oxygen to detox, which then turns it into nitrite

3. assimilation - nitrite turns into nitrate, which plants can absorb

4. denitrification - nitrate turns into nitrogen gas and returns to the atmosphere

5. Ammonification - nitrogen can enter the cycle again to nitrification

plants use nitrate to make organic molecules that contain nitrogen atoms. what kinds of biomolecules in plants and other organisms contain nitrogen atoms?

• amino acids

• proteins

• nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

• nucelotides

• hormones (some)

what is what?

1. NH4

2. NO3

3. N20

1. ammonium

2. nitrate

3. nitrogen gas

if farmers use excess fertilizer on their fields, how does this contribute to global warming (hint: n2o is a greenhouse gas but n2 isnt)?

if farmers use excess fertilizer, there will be a surplus of no3 in the soil, increasing the production of n2o — which is a greenhouse gas—contributing to global warming.

a cow consumes roughly 25 pounds of feed for every pound of meat the cow produces. which would result in more n2o released into the atmosphere. explain your reasoning.

1. producing a pound of beef

2. producing a pound of beans

1. producing a pound of beef

this means large amounts of crops must be grown to feed the cows. the more fertilizer used, the more no3 builds up leading to an increased production of n2o

Which results in more greenhouse gases released during the production of 100g of food protein?

1. food from animals

2. food from plants

1. food from animals

explain the two reasons between foods from animals vs foods from plants

1. increased co2 emissions due to clearing of land to graze (carbon cycle)

2. excess fertilizer usaged due to an increase of crop production to feel animals which leads to higher no3 production which leads to higher no2 in the atmosphere (nitrogen cycle)

explain why more greenhouse gases are released during the production of a serving of beed, compared to the same amount of chicken meat.

cows produce large amounts of methane during digestions, which is a powerful greenhouse gas — so microorganisms can digest cellulose (which is abundant in plants/grass to which cows eat).

Chickens do not produce methane, so their emissions are lower.

cows require more food → higher emissions of n2o due to increased amount of fertilizer →greenhouse gas.

roughly a quarter of food produced globally gets wasted. for example, some food is thrown away before or after it spoils, and some food is eaten by rodents or insects. explain how food waste contributes to increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

when food gets wasted, it decomposes without oxygen→produces methane→released into the atmosphere

also, the production of the food still contributes to global warming.

what are the main steps of photosynthesis?

1. Light dependent rxn (thylakoid dics):

   a. h2o is split (electrons are carried into photosystem 2, oxygen is releasted, hydrogen is carried to the end of the equation)

   b. electrons absorb sunlight energy and gets boosted into higher energy levels

   c. energized electrons travel through the electron transport chain from one protein to another (adp + p = atp)

   d. goes to photosystem 1 where sunlight is absorbed by electrons into higher energy levels

   e. NADPH is formed from electrons, NADP+ and H

   f. if the concentrations of NADP is low, the cycle goes back to a cyclic phosphorylation to produce more NADP for NADPH.

2. Light independent rxn - calvin cycle (stroma)

   a. carbon fixation: co2 is combined with enzyme RuBP

   b. the atp from the light dependent rxn are converted into adp

   c. reduction phase: added hydrogens with energized electrons to co2

   d. nadph is converted into nadp+

   e. pgal is formed (must bring 6 molecules of co2 for one glucose molecule)

   f. regeneration: some pgal reduces back into rubp by atp from light dependent rxn

how is sucrose (the major carbon source of nectar) produced from the end products of photosynthesis?

glucose+fructose=sucrose

Glucose phosphate is added to fructose phosphate to create sucrose, through dehydration synthesis

what are the reasons why milkweeds plants produce sugar?

• to produce energy

• use as biomass

• nectar — to attract pollinators

describe the metabolic pathways in the monarch butterfly that take advantage of milkweed nectar to convert it into an energy currency.

• include details about the three phases of cellular respiration as they relate to sugar metabolism.

1. glycolysis - glucose is broken down into pyruvate, producing atp

2. citric acid cycle - pyruvate is broken down into co2, atp, nadh, and fadh2

3. electron transport chain - electron move down chain to oxygen (final electron accepter) producing atp

where would sucrose enter into the cellular respiration pathway?

enters the pathways during glycolysis as both sucrose and also after it is broken down into fructose and glucose

how are intermediates of these pathways converted into lipids for energy storage during the long flight?

G3P can be converted into glycerol, Acetyl-CoA can be converted into fatty acids, and glycerol and 3 fatty acids make a triglyceride.

what are the inputs and outputs of photosynthesis?

inputs: CO2+ H2O

outputs: O2 +C6H12whatO2

what are the inputs and outputs of cellular respiration?

outputs: O2 +C6H12O2

inputs: CO2+ H2O

what would happen to the monarch butterflies if milkweeds were extinct and vise versa?

if milkweed went extinct, the butterflies would lose their sole food source, shelter, and protection chemicals.

if monarchs were extinct, milkweed plants would experience a decrease in pollination rates and reproduction rates.

how does the concept of metabolic pools relate to the survival of both monarchs and milkweed?

co2 and h2o is used to produce glucose and other sugars. through cellular respiration, glucose and oxygen is converted into energy (ATP), carbon dioxide, and water.

monarchs and milkweed depend on this cycle for survival, as they each depend on each others inputs and outputs of each others processed

what are keystone species?

species that are needed to keep the ecosystem from unraveling. The ecosystem heavily depends on the keystone species (there will be a huge difference if the keystone species are removed)

Summarize Dr. Wasser’s research and how it is being used to conserve elephants.

uses forensic tools to identify elephant poachers and determine the origin of the elephant population (poachers kill elephants).

he can pinpoint where the illegal ivory trade is happening and match them to specific poachers to conserve elephants.

Would you expect the fragments to be the same size in all 10 elephants?

No, because each individual is different and the accuracy of DNA polymerase reading the sequence of the synthesized strands will decrease while replicating these strands

What is the relationship between the size of a DNA fragment and the distance it migrates in the gel?

smaller fragments move faster and farther

harry Weinberg equations

p+q=1

p²+q²=1

what are the reasons why elephant populations are threatened

• demand for ivory (imports/exports/sales)

• unprotected elephant habitats

what stickleback fish had pelvic spines

marine

what stickleback fish DID NOT have pelvic spines

bear paw lake

is the pelvic spine a dominant or recessive trait?

dominant

what was the ratio of the f2 generation with fish with spines and fish without spines?

3 : 1

chi square value < critical value (from table)

accept the null hypothesis (fail to reject)

chi square value > critical value (from table)

reject null hypothesis