Chapter 8, The Industrial Revolution

FACTORY SYSTEM

Method of mass manufacturing using machinery and strict division of labor, usually privately owned

FLYING SHUTTLE

Key development in the industrial rev, allowed easier production of fabrics and textiles by a single worker or machine

MIDDLE CLASS

Socioeconomic group that consists of educated workers, such as doctors, lawyers, and teachers, who have good jobs and are not poor, but also are not very rich

WORKING CLASS

Socioeconomic group consisting of people who are employed in manual or industrial work

KARL MARX

19th century philosopher and economist famous for his critiques of capitalism and a foundational voice for socialism

PROLETARIAT

Labor class, specifically industrial workers

LABOR UNION

Organization formed by workers in order to negotiate for pay, conditions, and workplace expectations

SOCIALISM

Political and economic theory which advocates for shared means of production, distribution, and profit, regulated by the community or a democratically-elected government

CAPITALISM

Political and economic theory in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit

COMMUNISM

Political and economic theory which advocates for shared means of production, distribution, and profit, regulated by the state

MIXED ECONOMY

Economy organized with some free-market elements and some socialistic element

PROGRESSIVISM

Social or political movement that aims to represent the interests of ordinary people through political change and/ or the support of government

RUSSIAN REVOLUTION 1905

Revolution that convinced Tsar Nicholas II to attempt the transformation of the Russian government from an autocracy into a constitutional monarchy

RUSSIAN REVOLUTION 1917

Revolution that saw Russia abolish its monarchy and adopt a socialist form of government

INTERVENTIONISM

Political practice of governments interfering in political affairs of other countries by staging military or trade interventions

SPHERE OF INFLUENCE

Country or region where a foreign country has power to affect developments despite no formal authority

GUANO

Industrial fertilizer composed chiefly from the dung of sea birds or bats

DEPENDENT DEVELOPMENT

System where wealthy nations exert an unequal force on the political and economic development of poorer nations

IRON

Malleable heavy metal element used in construction and other industrial processes

STEEL

Artificial metal alloy with improved strength used in construction and other industrial processes