Anatomy chapter 1 Michael yard IUPUI

Anatomy

the study of internal and external structures of the human body

Microscopic Anatomy

the study of body structures that cannot be viewed without magnification

Gross Anatomy

the study of body structure that are visible without the aid of magnification

developmental anatomy

the study of structural changes that occur from conception to physical maturity

comparative anatomy

the study of the anatomy of different types of animals

pathological anatomy

the study of structural changes in cells tissues and organs caused by disease

radiographic anatomy

the study of internal body structures by using noninvasive imaging techniques, such as x-ray imaging and ultrasound

surgical anatomy

the study of anatomical landmarks, which are important to surgical procedures

what are the four types of tissues

epithelial, connective, muscle, neural

chemical level

atoms combine to form molecules

cellular level

cells are comprised of molecules

what are the functional subunits of cells?

organelles

tissue level

similar types of cells with a common function combine to form tissues

organ level

more than one tissue type combine to form organs

organ system level

organs that work closely together combine to form an organ system

how many organ systems make up the human body

11

human organism

the combination of all the organ systems functioning together to sustain the life of the organism

integumentary system forms what?

the cutaneous membrane

what is the cutaneous membrane comprised of?

the dermis and epidermis

what is the function of the cutaneous membrane?

to provide protection and thermoregulation

what are the accessory structures of the integumentary system?

hair follicles, nails, sweat glands, and oil glands

what is another name for sudoriferous glands?

sweat glands

what is another name for sebaceous glands?

oil glands

what is the purpose of the skeletal system?

provides framework for the muscles to attach causing movement

what is the functions of the skeletal system?

stores minerals, blood cell formation occurs within the bones

What is the function of the muscular system?

maintains posture by providing support

what does the muscular system produce?

motion and heat

what does the nervous system do?

directs immediate responses to stimuli and coordinates the other organ systems

what is the endocrine system comprised of?

glands

What do the glands in the endocrine system do?

secrete hormones that regulate processes of the other organ systems

what is the cardiovascular system comprised of?

heart, blood vessels, and blood to transport materials within the body

what is the lymphoid (lymphatic and immune) system comprised of?

lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, the thymus, and the spleen, lymphocytes, and lymphoid tissue

what is the function of the lymphoid system?

provides defense against pathogens and disease by housing white blood cells that function in immunity

what is another name for white blood cells?

lymphocytes

what is the respiratory system comprised of?

nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and the lungs

what is the purpose of the respiratory system?

maintains the bloods constant supply of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide by delivering air to the lungs where gas exchange occurs at the alveoli

what is the alveoli

air sacks of the lungs

what is the digestive system comprised of?

the gastrointestinal tract

what is another name for gastrointestinal tract?

alimentary canal

what is the purpose of the digestive system?

process food and absorb nutrients

what is the urinary system comprised of?

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

what is the function of the urinary system?

eliminate excess water, salts and nitrogenous wastes from the body

what does the urinary system regulate?

water, electrolyte and acid base balance of the blood

what is the reproductive system comprised of?

gonads, external genitalia

what are gonads in women?

ovaries

what are gonads in men?

testes

what is the function of the reproductive system?

produce sex cells and hormones to produce offspring

what is anatomical position?

arms at sides, palms facing forward, feet flat on the floor, face straight ahead

what is the axial region?

head, neck, torso

what is the appendicular region?

upper and lower limbs

superior (cranial or cephalic)

toward the head

inferior (caudal)

toward the feet or tail

anterior (ventral)

front of the body

posterior (dorsal)

back of body

medial

toward the midline

lateral

away from the midline

proximal

Closer to the point of attachment

distal

away from the point of attachment

superficial (external)

toward the body surface

deep (internal)

away from the body surface

Ipsilateral

on the same side

contralateral

on the opposite side

cephalon (cephalic)

head

Crevicis (cervical)

neck

thoracis (thoracic)

chest

brachium (brachial)

upper arm

ante brachium (antebrachial)

forearm

Carpus (carpal)

wrist

Manus (manual)

hand

Pollicis (pollex)

thumb

abdomen (abdominal)

abdomen

umbilicus (umbilical)

navel

pelvis (pelvic)

posterior pelvis

pubis (pubic)

anterior pelvis

Inguen (inguinal)

groin

lumbus (lumbar)

lower back

Gluteus (gluteal)

butt

femur (femoral)

thigh

Patella (patellar)

kneecap

Crus (crural)

anterior leg; the shin

Sura (sural)

posterior, calf of leg

tarsus (tarsal)

ankle

Pes (pedal)

foot

Planta (plantar)

sole of foot

Hallucis (hallux)

big toe

frontal (coronal) plane

divides anterior and posterior

transverse plane

divides superior and inferior

sagittal plane

divides into right and left

what dorsal body cavity is split into what two cavities?

cranial and spinal

what does the cranial cavity encase?

the brain

what does the spinal cavity encase?

the spinal cord

the ventral cavity is split up into what two cavities?

thoracic and mediastinal

Where is the thoracic cavity located?

superior to the diaphragm

what organs are in the thoracic cavity?

heart and lungs

what is the thoracic cavity surrounded by?

the ribs

what do the left and right pleural cavities enclose?

the left and right lungs

parietal pleura

the thin membrane that lines the chest walls of the serous membrane

visceral pleura

thin membrane that adheres to the lungs

serous fluid

fills the pleural cavity between the layers of the serous membrane

where mediastinal cavity located?

in-between the pleural cavities