final global impact exam

endemic

steady and predictable increase

ex. influenza

epidemic

something increasing quickly, localized, above historical average, can be associated w/ noncontagious disease

pandemic

epidemic on a multicontinent scale

ex. covid

transmission

respiratory

sexually

fecal oral

verticle

vector-borne

incubation period

period of time before the symptoms start but still contagious

reservoir

a thing used for water supply

reproductive number R0

number infected from a single, average infected individual in a 100% susceptible population

New world

Native America

Old world

Europe, Asia, etc.

feudalism

manorialism - predominant economic and social structure at the time

miasma

“bad air” that is believed to cause disease

spontaneous generation

living organisms could arise from non-living matter

Health

health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease

public health

regards the public (society) as its patient

global health

public health at a global/international level

morbidity

illness

mortality

death

disability

physical condition that limits movement, senses, activities

prevalence

expressed as a % or rate

incidence

cases of short-term diseases are usually reported - new cases per year

DALY

disability adjusted life year

measures years of healthy life lost due to illness, disability, or early death

GDP

measure of a country's total economic output

GDP/capita

a measure of a country's economic output per person

human development index (HDI)

complete measure of development factors per capita GDP, Life expectancy, education level, literacy

millennium development goals

global effort to speed development

WASH

water, sanitation, and hygiene

commonly used term when discussing water issues in the developing world

sanitation

disposal of human waste

potable water

drinkable water

quarantine

separating those who have been exposed to a contagious disease but who may or may not become ill

isolation

separating infected individuals from others

vaccine

safe form, whole or part, of an infectious agent which when given to a person and induces a protective immune response

herd immunity

when a certain % of a population get a vaccine to decrease the chance of more vulnerable people from getting a disease

attenuated

live vaccine

passive surveillance

routine reporting by diagnostic labs to surveillance organizations

active surveillance

done when an outbreak may be in progress

trying to track the extent of an outbreak

extreme poverty

average income is less than $2.15 per day/person

techology based industrialization

using knowledge and technology to become more productive

capital

anything of value that can be used to produce income

physical - material item

financial - money

human - knowledge, skills

demographics

the statistical characteristics of a population

demographic transition

a shift from high mortality and fertility to low mortality and fertility

see a shift to smaller families

IMF

International monetary fund

for preventing and dealing with financial emergencies - emphasis is on maintaining a stable world economy (loan and grant)

world bank

development of poor countries - “end extreme poverty within a generation and boost shared prosperity”

government

body within any organization that has the authority to make, and the power to enforce, laws, regulations, or rules

politics

the process by which groups of people make decisions

policy

a deliberate plan of action to guide decisions and acheive rational outcomes

dissatisfied parents together

group was formed in response to concerns about the pertussis vaccine and the idea that it was causing adverse reactions in children

VAERS

vaccine adverse event reporting system

can report to VAERS about an unusual side effect and they can pull it from the market

thimerosal

mercury-containing preservative was in some vaccines used to make the vaccines last longer

patent

grant monopolies for 20 years

can charge whatever the market will bear

world trade organization

International law regarding copyrights and patents

drug resistance

when a bacteria become resistant to antibodies

charity

nonprofit organization that does something to benefit the world

foundation

collects money and gives out grants

ACT-UP

Aids Coalition to Unleash Power

wanted increased funding for research, fast track drug approval

opportunistic infection

an infection caused by an organism that typically doesn't cause disease in individuals with healthy immune systems

bioterrorism

intentional use of a disease-causing organisms, or products of organisms, to infect humans, animals, or plants to cause civil unrest and panic or to commit a crime

Bio warfare

intentional use of disease-causing organisms, or products of organisms, to infect populations to attain a military objective

emerging diseases

new, re-emerging or drug-resistant injections whose incidence in humans has increased recently

zoonotic disease

diseases of animals (reservoir hosts) that may be transmitted to humans