Academic Decathlon Section 4

How many Americans were living in Paris in 1924?

32,000

What American trends were popular in Europe?

mixed drinks or "cocktails," dances like the Charleston and Lindy Hop, and Hollywood movies

Gerald Murphy created what piece of art?

The Watch

Gerald Murphy served where during World War 1?

The Signal Corps

How many paintings did Gerald Murphy paint, and how many exist today?

He painted 16, although only 8 exist today

Gerald and Sara Murphy are associated with what generation?

The lost generation

How is the lost generation used by contemporary art historians?

It is used as a shorthand to refer to a generation of writers and artists who spent their youth abroad in search of a society where they could be surrounded "by people, by music, by good plays, by good pictures and the stimulation of intellectual companionship, in

comfort ... for less than it costs ... to live in poverty in America."

Who are some of these famous American expatriates, known as the "Lost Generation "?

Authors Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, John Dos Passos, and Dorothy Parker, composer Cole Porter, and photographer Man Ray.

What was the Murphys' villa by the beach called?

"Villa America"

What did the parties at Villa America inspire?

They inspired the cosmopolitan, handsome, and elegant character Dick Diver in Fitzgerald's novel Tender is the Night (1934).

Who else attended the parties at Villa America, hosted by the Murphys?

European avant-garde artists, including painters Pablo Picasso and Fernand Léger, composers Igor Stravinsky and Erik Satie, and architect Le Corbusier.

Who was Gerald Murphy's greatest influence?

Léger

What was Léger's style also known as?

Purism

What did Purism stress?

It stressed a postwar return to the basics in art, primary colors, simple shapes, and apparently solid forms. It was in opposition to the fragmentation of Cubism

How tall was Watch by Gerar Murphy?

6 and a half feet square

Watch was an emblem of what term that was used to refer to the energetic year of the 1920s?

It is an emblem of the "Machine Age"

In section 4, Watch is simultaneously an emblem of what?

It is an emblem of a uniquely American consumer culture (the watch was also a Mark Cross product), a symbol of the modern values of speed and control over time, and an optimistic, even existential, rendering of dependability and solidity.

Gerald's work would not have existed without what?

The cross-pollination of American and European art and culture in the 1920s

Who started incorporating Japanese art into their art?

Starting in the 1860s, James Abbott McNeill Whistler, Lila Cabot Perry, and John LaFarge started incorporating Japanese visual strategies and motifs into their works

What movement emerged among the New Negro artists?

Pan-African Movement

What piece of art is Meta Warrick Fuller known for?

Ethiopia Awakening

Who studied under Augustene Rodin?

Meta Warrick Fuller

What did the Pan-African movement stress?

They stressed the need for solidarity among people of African descent

Pan-African movement

It stressed solidarity among people of African descent, connecting them in their struggles against racism and colonialism.

Ethiopia Awakening

It is a sculpture by Meta Warrick Fuller that symbolizes Pan-Africanism and Black pride.

Visual references in Ethiopia Awakening

It features a Black female figure with bandages referencing Egyptian mummification and a nemes headdress.

Significance of Ethiopia Awakening in America's Making Exhibit of 1921

It was the centerpiece of the Black section, promoting Pan-Africanism and Black pride.

Symbolism of the title Ethiopia Awakening

It represents the awakening of Black heritage and resilience, connecting Ethiopia and Egypt as symbols of Black power.

James Weldon Johnson's role in Ethiopia Awakening

He was an administrator for the NAACP and commissioned the sculpture for the America's Making Exhibit.

Significance of the nemes headdress in Ethiopia Awakening

It ties the sculpture to ancient Egyptian pharaohs, symbolizing Black heritage and leadership.

Connection between Ethiopia Awakening and Psalm 68:31

The verse was interpreted as a prophecy of Black emancipation and resilience.

Yasuo Kuniyoshi

He was a Japanese-American artist born in Okayama, Japan.

Boy Stealing Fruit

It is a painting by Yasuo Kuniyoshi showing a boy grabbing fruit, blending Japanese aesthetics with American folk art.

Kuniyoshi's interest in American folk art

It uses simplified forms and naive styles inspired by self-taught American artists.

Influence of Japanese folk tale on Boy Stealing Fruit

The tale of Momotarō, a boy born from a peach.

Challenges faced by Yasuo Kuniyoshi as an Asian-American artist

His identity as an 'American' was questioned due to racial othering and restrictive immigration laws.

Significance of Kuniyoshi's inclusion in the 1929 MoMA exhibition

It highlighted debates about his identity as an American artist.

Building material used for the Ennis House

Reinforced concrete shaped into textile blocks.

Textile blocks in the Ennis House

Molded concrete tiles stacked to create walls, connected with steel rods, and decorated with geometric patterns.

Architectural style influencing the Ennis House

Mesoamerican architecture, particularly Mayan and Incan styles.

Resemblance of the Ennis House to Mayan architecture

It features heavy stone structures, intricate geometric carvings, and interlocking cubic forms.

Challenges faced by Ennis House

Structural problems due to earthquakes and mudslides.

Maria and Julian Martinez

They were Pueblo artists who developed black-on-black pottery.

Black-on-black ware

It features matte black designs on shiny black surfaces, created by polishing and firing clay in an oxygen-deprived environment.

Traditional methods used by Maria Martinez

She hand-coiled and smoothed the vessels using scoops made from gourds.

Motifs in Martinez pottery

Stylized eagle claws and feather designs inspired by ancient Mogollon pottery.

Signing pottery in Pueblo cultures

Signing was unnecessary within the community but marked professionalism for external markets.

Indian Craze

A widespread passion for collecting Native art, leading to its redefinition as fine art.

Exposition of Indian Tribal Arts

A touring exhibition in 1931−32 that presented Native art as fine art.

Maria Martinez's balance of fame and community values

She traded works with local potters and sometimes signed their pieces to increase their market value.

Pan-Africanism

It connected people of African descent globally, inspiring artists to incorporate African motifs.

W. E. B. Du Bois's role in Pan-African movement

He organized Pan-African Congresses and advocated for Black solidarity.

African art influence on European modernists

They borrowed visual elements from African sculpture and masks for abstraction.

Rosenwald Fund

It funded trips to Haiti to explore Pan-African heritage.

Significance of Kushite pharaohs in Ethiopia Awakening

They symbolize Black leadership and heritage in ancient Egypt.

Connection between Wright's textile blocks and Incan architecture

Both use interlocking forms and integrate into the natural landscape.

Transcontinental Railroad's contribution to Indian Craze

It allowed tourists to purchase Native art at rail-side hotels and bazaars.

Significance of repeating feather design on Martinez plate

It references ancient Mogollon pottery from the Mimbres Valley.

Angel DeCora's contribution to Native art

She argued for its aesthetic value alongside its cultural significance.

Role of John Sloan and Oliver LaFarge in Exposition of Indian Tribal Arts

They curated the exhibition, emphasizing the aesthetic value of Native art.

Maria Martinez's pottery reflection

It combined ancient techniques with designs appealing to contemporary collectors.