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public health

What is the science and art to prolong life, promote health, and prevent disease by organized efforts?

antiquity

What era had quarantines and cultural/traditions that affected the public health (ex: no alcohol, no certain foods)

hygiene movement

What era focused on hazards and sanitation?

contagion control

What era focused more on epidemiology, diseases, and education on public health?

medical care

What era focused more on assisting civilians by delivering care systems?

health promotion/prevention of diseases

What era focused more on awareness of how the environment can affect health factors?

Primordial, Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary

What are the four levels of prevention?

Primordial

What level of prevention focuses on economics and the law? (ex: social and economic policy)

Primary

What level of prevention focuses on reducing the risk of injury/disease? (ex: bike lanes, safety belts)

Secondary

What level of prevention focuses on preventing injuries/diseases? (ex: blood tests to target illnesses before anything develops)

Tertiary

What level of prevention focuses on taking action on ongoing diseases? (ex: support mental health groups, chemo, rehab)

Population Health Approach

What approach focuses on health issues, population, shared health concerns, and social vulnerable groups?

Behavioral, Infection, Genetics, Geography Environment, Medical Care, and Socioeconomic

What does BIGGEMS stand for?

Contributory Cause

What is the word for immediate cause of death?

Risk Factors

What is the term that recalls to factors that lead to diseases/illnesses?

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary

What are the prevention levels?

High Risk Approach

What approach focuses on people who are more at risk of getting the disease (the goal is to lower the percentage of risk down to average)?

Improve the Average Approach

What approach focuses on everyone to lower the percentage of risk in general?

Demographic Transition

What transition focuses on birth and death rates?

Epidemiological Transition

What transition focuses on the shift of causes of death and diseases patterns due to society modernization?

Nutritional Transition

What transition focuses on the shift from different types of diets and foods (which can lead to illnesses such as obesity)?

Assessment (obtain data that defines health and overall population), Policy Development (develop evidence-based recommendations and other analyses of options to guide and implement interventions, and Assurance (oversight responsibility for ensuring key components of an effective health systems are in place)

What are the 3 core functions that the government public health agencies need to perform?

Local, State, Federal, and Global

What is the framework for viewing governmental public health agencies?

Local

What part of the government focuses on communicable disease control, inspection and licensing of restaurants, and environmental health surveillance?

State

What part of the government focuses on coordinating activities of local health agencies and providing funding, collect/analyze vital statistics, run public health lab, and regulate health facilities?

Federal

What part of the government focuses on operating agencies that report directly to the cabinet level of Department of Health and Human Services?

Global

What part of the government focuses on public health being a global enterprise (WHO), (UNICEF), (IFO) (Bilateral Government Aid Organizations)

EPA (environmental protection agency), Occupational Safe and Health Admin, Department of Agriculture, Department of Housing and Urban Development, and Department of Energy

What are some other government agencies?

Red Cross, Doctors without Borders, Public Health Agencies Partner with Health Care Deliver Systems, Clinicians

What are some nongovernmental organizations?

Problem (What's the Problem?), Etiology (How are there changes in the distribution?, Recommendations (What are the interventions we can use?), Implement (How can we implement these interventions in real life?), Evaluate (Are these interventions useful?)

What does PERIE stand for?

Epidemiology

What is the study of distribution and determinants of disease frequency in human populations?

Epidemic

What is the word for an increase in the frequency of a disease above the usual and expected rate?

Endemic

What is the word for the usual and expected rate in the frequency of a disease?

Morbidity

What is the word for disease?

Mortality

What is the word for death?

Prevalence

What is the word for the number of cases of specific disease that happened in a defined population at a specific point of time?

Incidence

What is the word for the number of new cases of disease that occur during a specified time in a population (at risk for developing the disease)?

Prevalence Rate

What is the rate where it is (the number of cases of a specific disease at the specific time/the number of people in the population at the specific time) X amount of people you are testing at the time?

Incidence Rate

What is the rate where it is (the number of new cases of disease that occur during at the specific time/the number of people in the population who are at risk of getting the disease at the specific point of time) X amount of people you are testing at the time?

Case-Fatality Rate

What is the rate where it describes how severe the disease is (mortality of the disease/incidence rate) X 100%?

Confound/Confounder Variable

What are the variables that can lead to a distort in the association between an exposure and a health outcome?

Ecological Analysis

What is the study between a group of people and the environment?

Artifactual Finding

What is the result due to systematic error due to bias?

Case-Control Study (potential cause associated with potential effect at the individual level), Cohort Study (potential causes proceeds w potential effect over time), Randomized Controlled Study(altered cause can alter the effect)

What are the 3 requirements for a contributory cause?

Risk Factor

What is the word for factors that can lead to disease or injuries?

Randomization

What is a way to sample the population by picking them randomly?

Efficacy

What is the word that describes how well an intervention can work in an ideal setting?

Effectiveness

What is the word that describes how well an intervention works in the real life setting?

1.0 is the chance of getting that disease> chances of not getting it

<1.0 is the chance of getting that disease < chances of not getting it

=1.0 is the chance of getting that disease = chances of not getting it

What are the different strengths of a relationship?

Relative Risk

What is the ration which compares the risk of a health event in one group to another (probability of getting the disease/probability of not getting the disease)?

Dose-Response Relationship

What is the relationship that describes the increase in exposure = higher risk of getting the disease?

Consistency of Relationship

What is the relationship that describes the similar test results in another study?

Biological Plausibility

What is the term that describes how some factors may be affected by environmental factors?

Necessary Cause

What is the term that explains "if there is a disease, there will be an outcome"?

Sufficient Cause

What is the term that explains "if there is a cause, there will be an outcome"?

Must be evidence based

What do recommendations have to be in order to decide if the interventions work or doesn't work?

Primary Interventiuon

What is the intervention that reduces risk factors?

Secondary Intervention

What is the intervention that detects disease early, but no symptoms yet?

Tertiary Intervention

What is the intervention that manages ongoing disease?

Vital Statistics

What is the word that collects data on births, deaths, and other events?

Life Expectancy

What is the term that is used to measure the overall death experience of the population, incorporating the probability of dying at each year of life? (tells us how well a country is doing in terms of death in a particular year)

Health-adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE)

What is the expectancy that starts with life expectancy and then incorporates measurements of the quality of health (mobility, cognition, self-care, pain, mood, sensory organ function)?

Dissemination

What is the action or fact spreading something?